The Photo Injector Test facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ) utilizes slit scan technique as a standard tool for reconstruction of horizontal and vertical phase spaces of its space charge dominated electron beams. A novel method for 4-dimensional transverse phase space characterization, known as Virtual Pepper Pot, is proposed at PITZ, that can give
insight to transverse beam phase space...
The 288m long SLS 2.0 Storage Ring consists of several vacuum chambers with unique geometries. Complicated features, with many changes in the cross sections, are essential to provide the best impedance matching and to allow synchrotron light extraction under the tight geometrical constraints. In order to speed up the commissioning time, it was decided to NEG coat most of the vacuum chambers. A...
The APAM (Accelerators of Particles for Medical Application) Laboratory in the ENEA-Frascati Research Center developed a prototype of a self-shielded device dedicated to the treatment of breast cancer with the patient in prone position. It consists of a rotating X-ray source, based on a compact 3 MeV electron accelerator, placed under the patient bed which is provided with a circular opening...
Dielectric gratings are used in Dielectric Laser Acceleration due to their high damage thresholds in high acceleration gradients. When an electron bunch passes close to these gratings, it emits radiation, and the features of this radiation will be dependent on the beam position relative to the grating, the bunch charge, and the bunch length. A compact high-resolution diagnostic device will be...
The production of high-current and intense spin polarized electron beams is of great importance in electron-based facilities. Tests are planned to produce such beams in 2023 using GaAs-based photocathodes installed in the Brookhaven National Lab RHIC Coherent electron Cooling superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) photogun [1]. A fast and efficient electron polarimeter operating in the MeV...
High-brightness photoinjector has been an indispensable electron source driving X-ray free electron lasers (FEL). To improve the performance of the next-generation FEL, a high-quality electron beam with a small emittance, e.g, 0.1 micrometers for 100 pC bunch charge, will be of vital importance. A consecutive double-slit emittance meter has been proposed to measure such a small-emittance beam...
Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms are investigated at KIT as an option to control the beam dynamics at storage rings.
These methods require specialized hardware to satisfy throughput and latency constraints dictated by the timescale of the relevant phenomena.
The KINGFISHER platform, based on the novel Xilinx Versal Adaptive Compute and Acceleration Platform, is an ideal candidate to...
The growing interest in upgrading European XFEL to high duty cycle operation requires an adaptation of the current low-level RF system to the new machine specifications. In the current upgrade scenario, the principal change in the RF parameters will be the loaded quality factor (QL) of the superconducting cavities, which will increase from the current value of 4.6e6 to more than 5.3e7 to...
Progress in cancer therapy with ions heavier than protons, i.e., helium, carbon, oxygen and neon, requires research and development capability. Ion research activity, however, is limited from the absence of U.S. accelerator facilities offering ion beams for therapy – placing the U.S. significantly behind Europe and Asia. With dramatic advances in beam delivery and compact accelerators, the...
Particle accelerator projects are complex, and CERN’s current engineering tools already manage millions of documents that follow various lifecycles and workflows. Future projects will push size and complexity to yet higher levels, in addition to increased collaboration with external partners. As reliable data is critical for success of complex system design, CERN is now implementing a new PLM...
Beam monitoring for Ultra High Dose Rate (UHDR) radiation therapy using pulsed beams, i.e. Very High Energy Electrons (VHEE), is a major challenge. The lower pulse repetition of VHEE beams means a larger dose-per-pulse is necessary to achieve the mean dose rates required for UHDR therapy (so-called FLASH). The currently used transmission ion chambers suffer drastic recombination effects under...
A design study is currently underway at the University of Melbourne for a large energy acceptance beamline to enable future hadron therapy modalities. As part of the TURBO project, a beam delivery system demonstrator is being developed for a DC Pelletron accelerator, which will provide 3 MeV H+ beams. Fixed Field Accelerator optics will be used to maximise momentum acceptance, with dispersion...
The Beam Interlock System (BIS) is the backbone of the machine protection system in CERN’s accelerator chain, ensuring that the beams are safely transported through the injector chain and circulated in the Large Hadron Collider. A new version of the BIS is currently under development and planned to be deployed in the SPS, LHC and the North Area experimental zone during the Long Shutdown 3...
Contaminated photon beams which comes from upstream and downstream dipole magnet in between an Insertion Device (ID), the main light source, often cause a critical measurement error on blade-type Photon Beam Position Monitors (PBPMs). The reason of such misreading is that the center position of the beam is calculated by only with the weak photoelectric current generated from both ends of the...
Ultrafast Electron Diffraction (UED) probes the dynamics of material structures which are triggered by a fs pump laser pulse. Some materials of interest for UED study, such as wide-bandgap insulators, require the use of UV pump lasers. Furthermore, UED with a probe size on the single micron scale requires high stability in the position, power, and size of the pump laser, which demands...
Thin targets, in the form of wires, stripes, or foils, are often used in accelerators to measure the properties of particle beams. Motivation for a small thickness, typically between several and to hundred micrometers, is diverse and depends on a particular case. For instance, small diameters of wires allow for precision measurement because it is probing a small fraction of the beam transverse...
Developments in current and future experiments in the SPS North Area (NA) and PS East Area (EA) fixed target beam lines at CERN, including the “Physics Beyond Colliders” (PBC) program, require accurate determination of the number of protons on target (POT). The re-calibration of Beam Secondary Emission Intensity monitors (BSI), recently completed in one of the NA branches, reduced the...
Capacitive Pick-Ups (PUs) are typically used for monitoring the beam position and measuring the relative intensity of bunched beams. We explore the potential usage of capacitive PUs for measuring the absolute charge in a bunch over the full range of beam energies, transverse beam offsets and bunch lengths found at ion accelerators. The results suggest that absolute charge measurements can be...
To harness the full potential of the ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) and microscopy (UEM), we need to know accurately the electron beam properties, such as emittance, energy spread, spatial-pointing jitter, and shot-to-shot energy fluctuation. Owing to the inherent fluctuations in UED/UEM instruments, obtaining such detailed knowledge requires real-time characterization of the beam...
LIEBE (Liquid Eutectic Lead Bismuth Loop Target for EURISOL) is envisaged to enhance production of short-lived isotopes at higher beam powers. Radioisotopes produced at MEDICIS facility are extracted via mass separation, implanted in a small foil and delivered to other research facilities and targets like LIEBE. The high intense neutron and gama radiation produced in the liquid PbBi target...
Traditionally produced SRF cavities are characterized by many limiting drawbacks, such as welding lines and poor reproducibility of their properties. Additive Manufacturing, and in particular Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF), may overcome these issues: with this technology, it is possible to create seamless components with reproducible characteristics. But 6 GHz cavities cannot see internal...
The Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) is an AM technology suitable to produce almost free-form metallic components. At Legnaro National Laboratories of the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics, the LPBF process was recently used to produce parts of the Forced Electron Beam Induced Arc Discharge (FEBIAD) ion source for the SPES Isotope Separation On-Line (ISOL) facility.
Such device is...
During the 2022 maintenance outage, installation was completed for the new generation of spallation target-moderator-reflector-shield, known as Mark-IV at the LANSCE. The upper-tier of Mark-IV target requires precision Flight Path (FP) alignment, because of the line-of-sight view of the spallation disk within. This paper demonstrates the importance of using advanced Laser Tracker Survey (LTS)...
The Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Centre (HIT) provides proton, helium, and carbon-ion beams with different energies and intensities for cancer treatment and oxygen-ion beams for experiments. For several experiments and possible future applications, such as helium ion beam radiography, a low-intensity ion beam monitor integrated into the dose delivery feedback system for the accelerator control...
Modern Big physics experiments call for optimizations of machines in various aspects. Integration of an advanced control system is one of them, and timing system as controls’ backbone is most often required to be upgraded significantly or even designed and implemented anew. The complexity of experiments at HZDR ELBE and the range of varieties of its instruments and subsystems is combined with...
Physics models, particularly for online operations, such as for our MAD-X or Bmad models, depend on a good understanding of the magnet characteristics. While we often measure the magnets or some subset of the magnets, those measurements are only meant to verify that the magnets meet specifications before being installed. We often have magnets that are not precisely understood. As a result, we...
At a heavy-ion linac facility, such as ATLAS at Argonne National Laboratory, a new ion beam is tuned once or twice a week. The use of artificial intelligence can be leveraged to streamline the tuning process, reducing the time needed to tune a given beam and allowing more beam time for the experiment. After establishing the required automatic data collection procedures, we have developed and...
Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) is a 3-GeV synchrotron radiation light facility that was constructed in 2014. The magnets of the storage ring are installed on the girder system, and the girder system of TPS is an adjustable mechanism that is drove by motors of the cam mechanism. The control network of TPS is surveyed twice in ever year to observe the change of position of girders. The maximum...
A unique muon linear accelerator (linac) for the muon g-2/EDM experiment at J-PARC is under development. Digital feedback (DFB) design employed in a low-level radio frequency (LLRF) control system is crucial to fulfilling the required RF amplitude and phase specifications in the RF cavities for a stable and continuous acceleration of the whole bunched particles. To this end, a micro...
The aim of this work is to demonstrate the principal possibility to enhance the electron beam dose deposition in the depth of the sample for radiation therapy purposes. Trains of electron bunches of 22 MeV generated at PITZ are focused inside the sample using a dedicated fast deflector and a solenoid magnet. To explore the capabilities of the proposed setup, dose distributions are calculated...
The CNAO orbit measurement system consists of 20 electrostatic pickups. They are based on a nineties’ design and reliably working from over fifteen years, despite a not very effective calibration system.
At beginning 2020, a new control software was installed, with two significant improvements: firstly, pickups signal is acquired continuously and beam orbit is saved every cycle; secondly, it...
The ANSI* steel penetration test is an important measure of the image performance capability of a cargo inspection system. Currently, the method for determining the arrow's visibility is completely subjective, as what one may deem 'visible', another may claim as not. An objective method is to calculate the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) between the steel plate and the arrow. A series of...
The design, execution, and analysis of light source experiments requires the use of sophisticated simulation, controls and data management tools. Existing workflows require significant specialization to accommodate specific beamline operations and data pre-processing steps necessary for more intensive analysis. Recent efforts to address these needs at the National Synchrotron Light Source II...
Anodic bonding technology is a method which mainly by the aid of the electric field and temperature for connecting two materials such as glass-glass or glass-silicon wafer substrate by forming covalent bonding. The bent monochromator used in the synchrotron radiation which was made by high quality silicon wafer bonded onto concave cylindrical shape Pyrex glass base. In the past, it is made by...
After the upcoming upgrade, the storage ring in the Advanced Photon Source (APS-U) will have over two thousand magnet power supplies. They will be constantly monitored in order to prevent impeding failures, when possible. The new data acquisition system (DAQ) will deliver 22600 samples of each power supply’s current per second. The data can be saved at this rate for a short period of time...
On AREAL RF photogun linac at CANDLE, time-separated ultrashort electron bunch pairs are generated by means of temporal shaping of the laser pulses driving the photocathode. The free-space interferometric delay line method used for the laser pulse shaping provides the means for tailoring the beam characteristics such as the charge contrast and relative delay of the bunch pairs in the train. In...
The energy consumption in accelerator structures during beam downtimes is a significant fraction of the overall energy budget. Accurate prediction of downtime duration could inform actions to reduce this energy consumption. The LCAPE project started in 2020 and develops artificial intelligence to improve operations in the FNAL control room by reducing the time to identify the cause of a beam...
The Argonne Tandem Linear Accelerator System (ATLAS) at Argonne National Lab uses an electronic shift log to record machine performance, save beam tune data, relay information between shifts, and track the facility's operational status for budget reporting. In early 2021, the legacy shift log was retired and upgraded to a modern platform to increase reliability and expand functionality. This...
Since its commissioning, operators at the Argonne Tandem Linear Accelerator System (ATLAS) have used an analog current meter to manually record beam current measurements from Faraday cups along the beamline. Recently an automated process using a digital picoammeter was developed for beam current measurements. This automation has streamlined daily operations, increased the precision of...
The CERN SPS Beam Dump System (SBDS) is responsible for disposing the beam in the SPS in case of any machine malfunctioning or end of cycled operation.
This is achieved by the actuation of kicker magnets with predefined pulses, which aim to: i) deviate the beam towards the absorber block (TIDVG); ii) dilute the particle density. Evidently, a malfunction of this system may have negative...
Beam arrival time is one of the key fundamental parameters for free-electron laser (FEL) facilities to ensure an accurate synchronization between an electron bunch and a seeded laser. Thus a high-performance beam arrival time/flight time measurement (BAM) system is indispensable for an FEL. A cavity-based BAM system has already been established at the Shanghai Soft-X-ray FEL test facility...
The unique electronic band structure properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials allow for a multitude of cutting-edge applications involving electrical and optoelectronic devices. Atomically thin 2D materials such as MoS2 face major obstacles during synthesis and processing into precise electronic band gap properties adjustments. Few-layer MoS2 films are synthesized using alkali halide...
The ionization profile monitors (IPMs) are used to measure the transverse profiles of the beams accelerated at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) AGS. These devices use multi-channel plates (MCP) to collect electrons generated by ionization of the residual gas to get an image of the beam projection onto the two transverse planes. The gains of each of the 64 channels in the MCP can vary...
Parameter tuning is a regular task and takes considerable time for daily operations at FEL facilities. In this contribution, we demonstrate SASE pulse energy optimization at the European XFEL with Bayesian optimization (BO) as an alternative approach to the widely used simplex method. Preliminary experimental results show that BO could reach a comparable performance as the simplex method, even...
The X-band lineariser linac planned to be installed on CLARA will be aligned using beam induced higher order modes (HOMs). Higher order modes in the cavity were studied using a bead-pull measurement technique. A software application was developed in LabVIEW to control the 3D motorised bead position scanning setup and VNA for S-parameter measurements. Propagation of HOM frequencies in the linac...
Boron Neutron Capture Therapy(BNCT) is useful for cancer therapy. To generate safe and efficient neutron beams, we accelerate 2.5 MeV protons and irradiate a lithium target. This is an endothermic reaction that avoids activation of the accelerator and produces neutrons of relatively low energy. We are designing a beamline to deliver such protons to a lithium target. Tokyo Institute of...
The Mainz Energy recovering Superconducting Accelerator (MESA) is currently being installed in the final area of the Institute for Nuclear Physics at Johannes Gutenberg-University in Mainz. To optimize and operate the accelerator reliably luminescence screens, wire scanners and RF cavity monitors are used. In this paper we will present the ongoing development of the beam diagnostics foreseen at MESA.
Real-time dosimetry for ultra-high dose-rates (UHDR) and Very High Energy Electrons (VHEE) is a challenge which is currently being studied using the electron beam at CERN Linear Accelerator for Research (CLEAR). These studies are motivated by the demand for reliable dosimetry for FLASH radiotherapy. This mode of irradiation relies on UHDR, a dose rate regime where conventional dosimetry...
Many beam instrumentation systems at Brookhaven National Laboratory’s Collider-Accelerator complex are over 20 years old and in need of upgrading due to obsolete components, old technology and the desire to provide improved performance and enhanced capabilities. In addition, many new beam instrumentation systems will be developed for the future Electron Ion Collider (EIC) that will be housed...
The Beam Loss Monitoring (BLM) system of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN is essential for the protection of machine elements against energy deposition from beam losses. Employing around 4000 detectors placed around the 27-km LHC ring, the BLM system measures secondary particles continuously and can trigger beam extraction in less than 3 turns, in case the signals exceed certain...
The High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) project requires a doubling of the proton intensity transferred from its injector (SPS). Beam loading compensation in the SPS 200 MHz cavities is essential to limit losses when the beam is transferred into the LHC 400 MHz RF system. The SPS Low Level RF (LLRF) has been completely redesigned during the LHC Long Shutdown 2 (LS2, 2019 – mid 2021). The new system...
The Fermilab Linac is a roughly 145 meter linear accelerator that accelerates H- beam from 750 keV to 400 MeV and provides beam for the Booster and the rest of the accelerator chain. The first section of the Linac is a Drift-Tube Linac (DTL), which in its current state, suffers from a lack of instrumentation along its length. As a result, operational staff do not have access to the diagnostic...
Beam Loss Monitors will be installed along the primary SPES beam line to detect proton beam losses in the cyclotron area. They will be connected to the cyclotron Machine Protection System (MPS), as it is significant for the proper management of the accelerator during the operation. This report shows the work of characterization of such devices.
Preliminarily, the characteristics of models...
The Proton Testbeam At KAHVE-Lab project aims to accelerate protons to 2 MeV energy using a locally designed and built linear proton accelerator. An optimized Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) line is installed to transfer the protons from the ion source towards the Radio Frequency Quadrupole cavity operating at 800 MHz. The LEBT line includes a compact measurement station to determine the...
The mitigation of heat loading is one of the important issues for beam instrumentation to measure the high-power proton beam. Recently, the highly-oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) material was used for the target probe of the bunch-shape monitor at the front-end in the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC). Since the thermal conductivity of the HOPG is high, it is suitable to...
The Heidelberg ion beam therapy facility HIT has more than ten years experience in patient treatment. More than 7800 patients have been treated with protons and heavy ions, about 700 are treated every year.
Outside the beam time dedicated to therapy, quality assurance (QA) and machine tuning, we provide beams for a large spectrum of experiments in physics, biology and medicine which make...
Advancements in low-emittance x-ray sources have required the exploration of various diagnostic techniques to push the resolution limit. Here we will present the two techniques to measure the size of the electron beam using X-rays: zone plate transmission microscope and a multi-crystal diffraction-based beam property analyzer. Both techniques have been tested at the Swiss Synchrotron Light...
In recent work, it has been shown that reinforcement learning (RL) is capable of outperforming existing methods on accelerator tuning tasks. However, RL algorithms are difficult and time-consuming to train and currently need to be retrained for every single task. This makes fast deployment in operation difficult and hinders collaborative efforts in this research area. At the same time, modern...
In order to steer beams through the center of focusing elements, the field center
with respect to adjacent Beam Position Monitors needs to be known precisely.
Often individual qudrupoles are varied to find the center, where the orbit does
not change, but this requires costly field control for each quadrupole. Here we
analyze beam-based Alignment(BBA) techniques that utilizes sextupoles...
Beam-Beam Long-Range Compensators employing current-carrying wires are considered as valuable options in hadron colliders to increase dynamic aperture at small crossing angles. This paper presents a simple design proposal for application at CERN LHC. The preliminary design allows for a certain scalability of the number of modules, current flowing in the wire, and dimensions. It complies with...
Hefei Advanced Light Source is the fourth generation of synchrotron radiation light source based on diffraction limit storage ring, and its emission and brightness index design goal is the world's first, and will be the world's most advanced diffraction limit storage ring light source after completion. This paper is based on the Hefei Advanced Light Source Beam Measurement Project. CST...
Bunch-by-bunch systems are developed at the Taiwan Light source and the Taiwan Photon source to monitor the transverse position and filling pattern. This system consists four channels with 500 MHz sampling rate which synchronizes with the radio frequency of the accelerator. This system is used to diagnose the injection transition due to the kick mismatch and beam oscillation coming from the...
In order to fulfill the target performance of Elettra 2.0 light source, a brand new button type beam position monitor detector has been developed. From a theoretical point of view, the transfer function which relates beam position information to electromagnetic signal intensity induced on pick up electrodes is well known. In practice, due to a number of constraints, a real device...
Sub-millimeter precision is a crucial criterion for beam delivery in proton therapy. Nowadays, most of the therapy systems use the Pencil Beam Scanning (PBS) technique where single beams with regulated amount of protons are delivered sequentially to different locations within the target. Beam energy defines the depth of the beam propagation and scanner magnets deflect the beam to the desired...
The European Spallation Source ERIC (ESS) is poised to be a high intensity and high energy neutron source for scientific applications. The source behind this high intensity neutron beam is a long pulse linear proton accelerator. In order to meet the stringent requirements on the proton beam, the protons need to be accelerated in stable accelerating gradients in the accelerating cavities. In...
A set of twelve Polycrystalline Chemical Vapour Deposition (pCVD) diamond detectors are installed in the beam injection, extraction and betatron collimation areas of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) as fast beam loss monitoring detectors. Their high-radiation tolerance and time resolution in the order of a few ns makes them an ideal candidate to monitor bunch-by-bunch losses in the LHC beams,...
An ISO 14644-1 cleanroom is a contained environment where particle counts must be kept low in order for the cleanroom to function properly and meet critical certification criteria. These particles are typically dust, airborne microbes, aerosol particles, and chemical vapours. The Additive Manufacturing Department at Daresbury Laboratory was used to appraise the Cleanroom mechanical assembly...
Capacitive beam position monitors (BPM) are widely used as diagnostics tools in particle accelerators. Typically due to a large number of BPM in an accelerator, their contribution to the beam coupling impedance cannot be neglected. In addition to the broadband part at low frequencies, the impedance exhibits resonant peaks at higher frequencies due to electromagnetic fields trapped around the...
The Future Circular Collider (FCC) R&D study was started in 2021 as a comprehensive feasibility analysis of CERN’s future accelerator project encompassing technical, administrative and financial aspects. As part of the study, Beam Instrumentation (BI) is a key technical infrastructure that will have to face unprecedented challenges. In the case of electron-positron FCC-ee, these are...
In the field of Particle Accelerators engineering, the design of the cooling channels of its components has been extensively based on experimental correlations for the calculation of convective heat transfer coefficients. In this scenario, this work is focused on studying whether the experimental correlations are conservative when the flow is turbulent in fully developed and non-fully...
Vacuum chambers prepared from aluminium alloys bring unique fabrication challenges, and with recent experience preparing and testing a series of insertion-device vacuum chambers, new processes were developed and limits to mechanical design better understood. These challenges and new understandings are presented. Processes include: precision machining of almost 6 metre long aluminium...
The normal conducting part of the European Spallation Source (ESS) linear accelerator (Linac) entered the phase of staged beam commissioning in 2021. To allow carrying out commissioning activities and operating the normal conducting Linac (NCL), safe conditions for personnel must be assured, for which the Personnel Safety Systems (PSS) at ESS play a substantial role. The Personnel Safety...
Supersonic gas jets are useful tools in particle accelerators used in both scientific and medical applications. They can provide real-time, longitudinal and transverse beam profile measurements for charged particle beams in accelerators and are also being used as a plasma source in wakefield accelerators. For gas jets to be used effectively as beam profile monitors, the density profile of the...
In the extraction of booster to storage (BTS) for High Energy Photon Source (HEPS), four pulse bump magnets are applied to create a local bump to ease extraction. In this paper, a lot of characteristics of the pulse bump mag-net such as magnetic field, eddy current, induced voltage, vibration are introduced and thoroughly discussed. Ac-cording to measurements, four pulse bump magnets are...
Very High Energy Electron (VHEE) beams represent a promising alternative for treating deep-seated tumors. However, VHEE beams generate quasi-uniform dose distribution along the beam path, leading to healthy tissue overexposed. Focused VHEE beams are a revolutionary radiotherapy technology that enables concentrating doses into a small and well-defined spot with an extremely high dose rate. This...
At the Ferninfrarot Linac- und Test-Experiment (FLUTE) at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) a new and compact method for longitudinal diagnostics of ultrashort electron bunches is being developed. For this technique, which is based on THz streaking, strong electromagnetic pulses with frequencies around 240 GHz are required. Therefore, a setup for laser-generated THz radiation using...
Niobium thin films are used in macroscopic SRF cavities for particle accelerators which are under study for microscopic superconducting qubits for quantum computing. The superconducting properties of niobium in microwave fields vary significantly with lattice defects and impurity content, where sub-at.% impurity level can reduce or increase microwave surface resistance by an order of...
Sirius is one of the first 4th generation synchrotron light source globally, currently in operation by the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS). One of the components that will be part of the light source are the vacuum chambers defining the environment in which the electron beam travels under the influence of electromagnetic fields. This environment should be substantially free of...
The generation of Cherenkov diffraction radiation when a charged particle beam passes in close proximity to a dielectric target is being studied and developed for various non-invasive beam instrumentation applications. One such instrument is a beam position monitor (BPM) composed of four cylindrical dielectric inserts. A challenge of using the conventional stretched wire technique to...
Monte Carlo simulations are used to model neutron transport through matter for estimating backgrounds or to design adequate shielding for radiation safety. Detailed neutronics calculations require thorough descriptions of the geometry, so that the influence of all physical features and materials are captured. It is most convenient to import existing CAD models into Monte Carlo software to...
To support commissioning and early operation of the ESS normal-conducting linac, a variety of beam instrumentation systems have been deployed. These include beam chopping systems, Faraday cups, beam current monitors, and beam position and phase monitors as well as specialised systems such at wire scanners, emittance measurement units and neutron beam loss monitors. Commissioning has proceeded...
The oscillator-type mid-infrared free-electron laser at Kyoto University named Kyoto University FEL (KU-FEL) has achieved the extraction efficiency of 9.4% and the micro-pulse duration of 4.2 cycle* with the electron bunch charge of about 200 pC by the photocathode operation of 4.5-cell thermionic RF gun. Then the micro-pulse energy obtained was 100 micro-J. A new and dedicated 1.6-cell RF...
We built a test stand for evaluating the performance of the thermionic electron sources for the electron lens project at the Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) in Fermilab. The lens will be used to study nonlinear dynamics and electron cooling of 2.5 MeV protons with strong space charge. The test stand will validate the characteristics of the thermionic sources and the main parameters...
ThomX is a 50-MeV electron accelerator made of a linac and a storage ring. Severe constraints on the RF-gun frequency have led to the choice of an heterodyne low-level radiofrequency distribution system. We report on the performances of this system during the first two years of commissioning of the machine.
While ion therapy provides an immense opportunity for advancement in the treatment of various cancers, present-day mechanical systems that deliver beam from the accelerator to the patient are large and complex. A new patent pending compact beam delivery system concept has been explored and is presented here. The concept is to provide a continuously rotating magnet system wherein the...
In this talk, we describe the project status of a new class of simple, turn-key superconducting radio frequency (SRF) accelerators that will be used in environmental studies such as wastewater treatment, treating contaminants in municipal water, and industrial applications such as material processing, medical device sterilization, security, and other niche application. Leveraging recent R&D...
In this paper we present a systematic benchmark between the simulated and the measured data of radiation monitors useful for Radiation to Electronics (R2E) studies at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. The radiation levels in the main LHC tunnel on the right side of the Interaction Point 1 (ATLAS detector) and 5 (CMS detector) are simulated using the FLUKA Monte Carlo code and compared...
The high-brightness electron beam at the Photo Injector Test facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ) is now also used for FLASHlab@PITZ: an R&D platform for studying radiation biology and the FLASH effect in radiation therapy. The available parameter space of the electron beam with a momentum of 22 MeV/c allows bunch charges from 10 pC up to 5nC, bunch durations of 0.1–60ps, and bunch train lengths...
Many vacuum applications, such as accelerators, optical chambers, superconducting cavities, SEM/TEMs, are particularly sensitive to dust and require an ultra-clean working environment. Non evaporable getter pumps with porous sintered elements are already extensively used in UHV and XHV particle-sensitive systems as well as in industrial applications, laboratories and large R&D facilities. In...
On the one hand fault occurs with high cost in accelerator operation, on the other hand operation data is treasure for modelling the accelerator from the other side.
Due to limited capacity of data processing, massive data is discarded in accelerator operation. However, regular data recorded can not meet the need for measuring the damage of fault. Therefore, a balanced design to capture as...
Thanks to their superior dose conformality and higher radiobiological effectiveness with respect to protons, helium ions are considered as the new tool of choice in the fight against cancer using particle beams. A facility to produce helium beams at therapeutical energy can also accelerate protons, at energies permitting both standardised treatment and full body radiography, and heavier ions...
In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for high-intensity beams related to electron beam irradiation, such as mass production of nuclear-medicine examination by using 99Mo and high-efficiency production by material modification through material irradiation. While the acceleration of high-current beams can be realized by using a superconducting cavity, a compact accelerator is...
Hadron therapy is established as a method of choice for a number of cancerous diseases, and its advantages are well-established for specific malignancies. Modern medical particle accelerators still struggle to fulfil critical features required by advanced treatment modalities, such as variable energy beams, high repetition rate, and pulse-by-pulse intensity modulation. Fixed Field Accelerators...
Experiments requiring the use of plasma sources often have trouble getting time on large plasma sources to perform their experiments despite needing only a few centimeters of high density plasma. It is significantly more convenient to have a short, high density plasma source that is available on demand for immediate experimentation. A capillary discharge plasma source was built at UCLA for...
Dedicated wakefield-generating structures are capable of measuring the electron beam current profile, and of removing residual energy chirps (dechirping). Furthermore, at Free-Electron Laser (FEL) facilities they can be used to measure* or shape the photon pulse power profile. We motivate and present the mechanical design of the rectangular, double-sided corrugated structures used at SwissFEL,...
The Cryogenic Current Comparator (CCC) is able to provide a calibrated non-destructive measurement of beam current with a resolution of 10 nA or better. The non-interceptive, absolute intensity measurement of weak exotic ion beams (< 1 µA) is essential in heavy-ion storage rings and in transfer lines, as the ones in FAIR. With traditional diagnostics this measurement is challenging for bunched...
The National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC) uses cryogenic fluids to create a low-temperature cooling environment for equipment and to conduct various experiments. However, exposure to these cryogenic fluids can cause frostbite, hypoxic suffocation, behavioral incapacitation, insanity, and even death in severe cases. To evaluate oxygen deficiency hazard (ODH) in the NSRRC, we...
The existing heavy ion synchrotron SIS18 at GSI will be used as a booster synchrotron for SIS100 at FAIR operation. In order to reach the intensity goals, low charge state heavy ions will be used. Unfortunately, such ions have very high ionization cross sections in collisions with residual gas molecules, yielding in beam loss and pressure rise via ion impact stimulated gas desorption. To...
High Energy Photon Source is a 6 GeV fourth-generation synchrotron light source currently under construction in Huairou, Beijing. It consists of 13 Radio Frequency (RF) stations. Each RF station consists of a solid-state amplifier, an RF cavity, an LLRF controller, an interlock controller .etc. To monitor the status of all 13 RF stations, approximately 60,000 process variables need to be...
The Quench Protection System (QPS) of the LHC is crucial for integrity of the superconducting circuit elements. It also plays an important role in the acquisition of data from the circuit elements during the magnet qualification, equipment commissioning and accelerator operation. The new superconducting circuits for the HL-LHC era, which will be assembled and operated for a first time in the...
Protection of the superconducting circuits of the High Luminosity Upgrade of the LHC project (HL-LHC) will be ensured by a new generation of quench detection systems and various quench protection systems for the superconducting circuits and magnets.
The HL-LHC quench detection systems serve as well as high-performance data acquisition systems, that also provide essential input for the...
Measuring transverse beam profiles using thin wires is a very successful and widely used method. The signal is generated either by measuring scattered particles outside of the vacuum chamber or by measuring the current of the secondary electrons emitted from the wire. In high-brightness accelerators, the heating of the wire induced by the direct beam interaction or by coupling to RF fields can...
Particle therapy has advantages over conventional radiotherapy, but is not so widespread because of significant facility costs. In this work, we developed a compact, low-cost, expandable and high-performance beamline for a multi-room particle therapy facility. The accelerator is located at a lower level (underground) and the beamline guides the particles to treatment rooms located on the upper...
Electro-optic diagnostics are able to non-destructively resolve the longitudinal charge profile of highly relativistic bunches without complicated calibrations and ambiguous phase recovery techniques. The most implemented technique is EO spectral decoding as it is simple and reliable, and has an easy to interpret output. However, its resolution is limited to the geometric mean of the...
Ultrashort electron beams with high brightness are of vital significance in probing nanoscopic dynamics on the pico-to-femtosecond temporal scales. Electron sources are the most critical element in such apparatuses, whose advancements are expected to further improve the resolving capabilities. In this contribution, we report on the development of a DC photocathode electron gun aiming at...
The electrons, which passed the undulators in a linac-driven Free Electron Lasers, could be utilized for additional radiation generation in an Inverse Compton Scattering process (ICS). The PolFEL, facility, currently in preparatory phase in NCBJ, is planned to be equipped with ICS system, to generate continuous (10kHz repetition rate) pulses train of hard X-ray radiation, in addition to THz-,...
The Hefei Advanced Light Facility (HALF) is a diffrac-tion-limited storage ring (DLSR) light source based on the compact multi-bend achromat (MBA) lattice. There-fore, the gaps between those focusing magnets are small. The commonly used ConFlat® flange, with a large axis dimension, is not suitable for the compact lattice in HALF. In this work, a stainless steel tapered flange fas-tened by a...
The High Energy Storage Ring (HESR) has been designed for acceleration and storage of antiprotons and ions by Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZ-Jülich) for FAIR in Darmstadt.
The HESR kicker magnets have been designed for the injection of charged particles with magnetic rigidity of 13 Tm. Kicker magnets shall generate a total integral field of 57.8 mT during 500 ns with rise- and fall-times of...
The Flash Therapy is a revolution in the cancer cure, since it spares healthy tissue from the damage of the ionization radiations without decreasing its effectiveness in the tumor control. To allow the implementation of the FLASH therapy concept into actual clinical use and treat deep tumors, Very High Electron Energy (VHEE) should be achieved in range of 50-150 MeV. In the framework of VHEE...
The VSR DEMO SRF 1.5 GHz cavities require a large tuning range of 1 MHz to allow for the desired operation, including a cavity parking mode. The tuning system composed of blade tuner, stepper motor, release mecha-nism, and pre-loaded piezos installed into frames features mostly components already validated and used for other applications. However, the operational demands for the VSR...
Wuhan Advanced Light Source (WALS) is a fourth-generation synchrotron radiation facility with 1.5 GeV designed energy and 500 mA beam current. The high-heat-load absorber is designed to protect downstream ultrahigh-vacuum chambers from overheating. It is the only heat mask component to absorb large amount of synchrotron radiation (bending magnet) in the storage ring. This presentation is...
The Beam Interlock System (BIS) is the backbone of the machine protection system throughout the accelerator complex at CERN, including the LHC. The present BIS needs to be upgraded to ensure the required level of dependability and maintainability for the lifetime of the HL-LHC, which is planned to become operational in 2029. The present BIS, designed more than 15 years ago, has proven its...
High power particle producing target components in research facilities often consist of refractory metals. They experience challenging thermo-mechanical conditions and therefore require dedicated cooling systems. Employing water-cooling in direct contact with the target materials, especially tungsten (W), induces erosion and corrosion. Cladding the target blocks with...
The CLARA accelerator facility at Daresbury Laboratory, UK, was originally designed to operate as a free-electron laser test facility. To improve the user exploitation of the facility a dedicated full energy beam exploitation (FEBE) area has been designed and is currently being installed in a separate experimental bunker on the CLARA accelerator. This facility will allow users to conduct...
Medical isotopes are used for diagnostics and cure of tens of millions of patients worldwide every year. For the largest parts they are produced in fission reactors from enriched Uranium-235 leaving behind long-lived nuclear waste. Around the world organizations are therefore working to make medical isotope production more sustainable.
RI Research Instruments was commissioned by the Institute...
The Extreme Photonics application Centre (EPAC) is a new national facility to support UK science, technology, innovation and industry currently under construction at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK. EPAC is designed to facilitate a wide variety of user experiments with 1PW 10Hz laser systems. It is anticipated that early experiments will include laser-plasma acceleration of electrons to...
The Drift Tube Linac (DTL) of the European Spallation Source (ESS) is composed of 5 independent Tanks, each of which of 8 t in weight and 8 m in length, is made of 4 modules and is positioned and aligned to the Nominal Beam Line with 2 mechanical supports. The supports are designed to perform the iso-statical alignment of the tank, and to allow its longitudinal displacement for the...
A high-average-current VHF electron gun operating in the CW mode is under construction at Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, which is the key component of a kW-power-order free electron laser facility. The average current and the frequency of this electron gun is 1-10mA and 217MHz, respectively. To validate the performance of this instrument, a test platform has been designed. The R&D of...
A pulsed septum magnet (SMH40) is used for heavy ion extraction from the Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR). A non-conformity on the coil cooling circuit made it necessary to consolidate the design of the septum blade and related manufacturing process. A stringent failure analysis, including structural analysis and computational fluid dynamics, combined with destructive and non-destructive testing,...
The Electron Ion Collider (EIC) is being built at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). Early preliminary design phase efforts are underway. In addition to upgrading the existing RHIC instrumentation for the EIC hadron storage ring, new electron accelerator subsystems that include a 400 MeV Linac, rapid-cycling synchrotron, electron storage ring, and a strong hadron cooling facility will have...
In the J-PARC linac, the low-level RF (LLRF) with the digital feedback (DFB) and the digital feedforwaed (DFF) of the cPCI system had been adopted to satisfy the requirement of amplitude and phase stabilities. It has been operated without a serious problem so far. However, more than 15 years have passed since the construction of the J-PARC linac and the life of the apparatuses used since the...
The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) facility at Brookhaven National Laboratory is in the preliminary design phase and advancing towards establishing the project baseline. One challenging task is to design cryogenic BPM pick-ups for the Hadron Storage Ring (HSR) that will ensure reliable beam position measurements over a large dynamic range. The BPM pick-up design must take into consideration...
KoBRA (Korea Broad acceptance Recoil spectrometer and Apparatus) of RAON (Rare Isotope Accelerator complex for ON-line experiments) in Korea is preparing for producing rare isotopes with stable ion beams from SCL3(Superconducting Linac 3) at an energy range of 5 - 25 MeV/u in early-phase experiments. Due to quite a lengthy transport beamline from the end of SCL3 to the target of KoBRA...
ZAP-X is an innovative radiosurgery platform that is self-shielded, using gyroscopic motion to allow precision neurosurgical treatment. It requires a compact linac with lower than typical energy for medical applications. A 3 MeV S-band linac is designed and fabricated for this purpose. Thorough, clinical style testing was performed to verify the performance. The characteristics of photon...
Characterizing the phase space distribution of particle beams in accelerators is a central part of accelerator understanding and performance optimization. However, conventional reconstruction-based techniques either use simplifying assumptions or require specialized diagnostics to infer high-dimensional (> 2D) beam properties. In this work, we introduce a general-purpose algorithm that...
Comprehensive simulations for the FETS laserwire have been made with the developed Geant4 laser package. Feasibility of the longitudinal mode laser to provide full 6D beam characterisation has been made. Simulation results have been used to outline minimum detector requirements. The detector necessary for measuring the 6D phase space requires a drift distance of at least 2.5m between...
In modern accelerator facilities, femtosecond synchronisation between an optical master oscillator (OMO) that provides facility-wide timing pulses and an external experiment laser is needed to achieve the few-fs resolution required for experiments such as pump-probe spectroscopy. This can be achieved with a balanced optical cross-correlator (BOXC), which determines the timing delay between two...
A new dedicated materials irradiation beamline and target station was developed and recently commissioned at the ATLAS facility at Argonne National Laboratory. The new ATLAS Materials Irradiation Station (AMIS) is located just downstream of the first linac section (PII) and designed to receive heavy-ion beams with energies of 0.5 - 1.5 MeV/u. The main activity at AMIS is the irradiation of...
A quantum gas jet-based beam scanner is under development at the Cockcroft Institute (CI) in the UK. This device is based on detecting the ionisation induced in a gas jet by a beam of charged particles. It aims at generating a dense gas jet with a diameter of less than 100 μm by exploiting the quantum wave nature of neutral gas atoms to generate an interference pattern with a single maximum....
Based on an initial proof-of-concept, a full-size single-piece pure-copper Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) prototype module was for the first time designed and additively manufactured (AM), as a result of a multi-disciplinary collaborative effort and of the deployment of state-of-art AM technology. The 39-cm long prototype with modulated electrodes replicates, with several improvements...
Precision measurements of the permanent electric dipole moment (EDM) of fundamental particles require the development of new methods and techniques. The precursor experiments to measure the proton and deuteron EDM at the Cooler Synchrotron COSY in Jülich led to the of a ring concept with combined magnetic and electric field elements. The building of high-stability electric and magnetic field...
An X-ray detector is being developed for diagnostic measurement and monitoring of the Drift Tube LINAC (DTL) at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) at Los Alamos National Lab. The detector will consist of a row of x-ray spectrometers along the DTL which will measure the spectrum of X-rays resulting from bremsstrahlung of field emission electrons (FEE) and spilled beam. Each...
The electron gun control system, which serves as the TLS LINAC's power source, has been in operation for more than two decades. Since some components of a previously designed circuit have aged and been discontinued, the control system will become unreliable and irreparable. A new control interface of electron gun pulser has been developed to improve the operational stability and future...
A new digital low-level RF (LLRF) system has been developed for the High Energy Photon Source (HEPS), a 6 GeV diffraction-limited synchrotron light source under construction in Beijing. The system is composed of a digital signal processing board (DSP), two ADC/DAC daughter boards and a RF front-end board. The FPGA of the DSP board has been changed from the original ALTERA Stratix III to Xilinx...
The high-energy beam transfer lines at GSI serve numerous experimental stations such as HADES, HTC and HTD as well as the fragment separator FRS and the storage rings ESR and CRYRING with a wide range of different heavy ion beams from the SIS18 synchrotron. The large amount of experiments carried out during beam times under different beam conditions require frequent changes of beam optics and...
We are developing a fast pulsed power supply using Silicon Carbide (SiC) MOSFETs for a camshaft bunch kicker in KEK-PF. In the kicker system, the pulsed power supply needs to generate a high-precision short pulse with high power. A high repetition rate is also required due to the short circumference of the KEK-PF storage ring of 187 m. Therefore, the target specifications are 500 A pulsed...
Reliability in high power hadron accelerators is a major issue, particularly for Accelerator Driven Systems (ADS). For example, the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) ADS maximum frequency of beam trips longer than 5 min was set to 42 per year. A significant number of breakdowns are caused by the failure of accelerating cavities or by their associated systems. Hence, we studied how these can be...
The emittance of fourth-generation storage ring(4GSR) will be built in Cheongju-Ochang, Korea, is expected to be 100 times smaller than the existing third-generation storage ring. As the emittance decreases, more precise beam stabilization is required. To satisfy this, the resolution of the Beam Position Monitor (BPM) should also be further improved.
We have performed an optimization study...
Beam commissioning is underway at STF of KEK. Since beam diagnostics are important to realize stable operation, as one of the beam diagnostics, we have developed a time-resolved beam loss distribution monitor. This monitor can observe a pulsed beam of about 800 µs, separated by every 100 µs, using up to 16 PIN photo diodes as X-ray sensors. Thus, 128 data can be acquired per bunch. The data is...
A Low Energy Branch is being built at Micro Analytical Centre * that will allow us to produce a variety of high current (up to 50 µA) ion beams, ranging from light (i.e. H, He, C, B, 15N), mid-mass (i.e. Si) to heavy (Ag, W, Pb, Bi) ion beams in the energy range of 100 eV up to 30 keV. Ions will be produced with the use of ion sources that are currently available at the facility.
The...
The Rare isotope Accelerator complex for ON-line experiments (RAON) is under construction in Daejeon, Republic of Korea. RAON is a device that accelerates various ions generated from ion generators such as Electron Cyclotron Resonance(ECR) and Isotope Separation On-Line(ISOL) system with a superconducting linear accelerator. The low energy superconducting linac(SCL3) is composed of 22...
The J-PARC main ring is being upgraded to a beam intensity of 1.3 MW. The capacity of the beam dump used for beam tuning is planned to be increased from 7.5 kW to 30 kW. The current beam dump has a vacuum that extends from the accelerator tunnel to 4.5 m inside the wall, keeping the radiation back scattered from the dump at a sufficiently low level. The new beam dump design requires to have a...
The J-PARC 3 GeV Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) accelerates the beam pulses with different conditions to two facilities. Therefore, it is indispensable to be able to correctly monitor the beam conditions. Then, we developed the synchronized data system for RCS beam monitor. This system is enabled to provide real-time synchronized data and to also archive all synchronized data with no data...
The electron beam at CERN Linear Accelerator for Research (CLEAR) has been intensively used to study the potential use of Very High Energy Electrons (VHEE) for radiotherapy, including the so-called FLASH regime. An important part of these studies revolves around the development of reliable dosimetry methods, given that generally accepted standards are partly lacking for electron beams in the...
Abstract
As part of the modernization of the Los Alamos Neu-tron Science Center (LANSCE), a digital low level RF (LLRF) control system for the LANSCE proton storage ring (PSR) is designed. The LLRF control system is im-plemented on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The high resolution tunable 2.8MHz reference RF is gen-erated by a direct digital synthesizer (DDS) at the LANSCE front end...
The High Energy Photon Source (HEPS) is a 6 GeV, 1.3 km, 4th generation storage ring light source being built in Beijing, China. The HEPS storage ring is designed with an ultralow emittance of a few tens of pm rad. The development of high-level applications (HLAs) for HEPS started in early 2021. A new framework named PYthon-based Accelerator Physics Application Set (Pyapas) was developed for...
Standard methods of measuring the transverse beam profile are not adaptable for sufficiently high-intensity beams. Therefore, the development of non-invasive techniques for extracting beam parameters is necessary. Here we present experimental progress on developing a transverse profile diagnostic that reconstructs beam parameters based on images of an ion distribution generated by beam-induced...
A suite of diagnostic was designed to fully characterize a high current electron beam in a short section of a beamline. The entire suit of diagnostics is housed in ~1.2 m in length and contains 7 diagnostic assemblies that have 78 fast channels and two cameras. The suite contains a slit-harp emittance diagnostic, energy analyzer, two beam position monitors, a Faraday cup/beam stop with 14...
The Advanced Light Source (ALS) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is currently undergoing an upgrade known as ALS-U. As part of this upgrade, the existing Triple-Bend Achromat (TBA) storage ring lattice is being replaced with a Multi-Bend Achromat (MBA) lattice, which allows for the tight focusing of electron beams to approximately 10 um, reaching the diffraction limit in the soft x-ray...
High Demand for stability, accuracy, reproducibility and monitoring capability were placed on accelerators LLRF systems, because of fundamental and applied experimental requirements. Meanwhile, availability of FPGA boards became better during last two decades. Nowadays, it is possible to implement FPGA based LLRF feedback using boards with S-band (or L-band) ADC&DAC (direct sampling technique)...
Digital beam signal processor is critical for the beam diagnostic resolution and on-line application performance. High speed & high precision ADC, high performance FPGA are the key devices for the evolution of the processor. At present, ADC technology has entered the era of RF direct sampling, which bandwidth is up to 9GHz, sampling rate is higher than 2GSPS, and sampling bits is up to 14...
ALBA is facing the upgrade towards a low emittance synchrotron light source machine. An active harmonic RF system operating at 1.5 GHz is foreseen to increase the longitudinal bunch length and therefore the Touschek lifetime. The main purpose of the DLLRF is to control the cavity voltage and resonating frequency of the cavity by means of the drive towards the amplifier and the plunger inside...
The Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) is equipped with 16 real-time radiation monitoring stations around the accelerator. Each operating scenario entails a different dose rate and accumulated dose. In this study, we assessed the beam current and injection efficiency of the accelerator and the dose rate and accumulated dose at the radiation monitoring stations in five scenarios. The background...
The synchrotron-based ELSA facility delivers up to 3.2 GeV electrons to external experimental stations. In a new setup the irradiation of tumor cells with doses of up to 50 Gy by ultra-high energy electrons (UHEE) in time windows of microseconds up to milliseconds (FLASH) is currently investigated. This technique may enable highly efficient treatment of deep-seated tumors alongside optimal...
The CLEAR facility at CERN allows users to receive an electron beam with energy up to 200 MeV, allowing flexibility in intensity, beam size and bunch structures. Separate from the main CERN accelerator complex, it is capable of hosting numerous experiments with rapid installations at two test stands.
It would be highly desirable for many applications, but particularly those of a medical...
The computation of residual gas density profiles in particle accelerators is an essential task to optimize beam pipes and vacuum system design. In a hadron collider such as the LHC, the beam induces dynamic effects due to ion, electron and photon-stimulated gas desorption. The well-known VASCO* code developed at CERN in 2004 was already used to estimate pressure profiles in steady state...
Polycrystalline SiC wafers were implanted with 300 keV strontium ions at room temperature to a fluence of 2×10^16 cm^−2. Silicon dioxide (SiO2) layers of about 100 nm thick were deposited onto the surface of implanted SiC via magnetron sputtering of a SiO2 target in argon-oxygen atmosphere. The as-deposited (i.e., SiO2/implanted SiC) samples were subjected to sequential isochronal annealing,...
Theoretically copper resistivity to a good approximation may be viewed as the sum of a term phonon-electron scattering term, and a constant term. The first follows the Bloch-Gruneisen formula; goes to zero as T5 at low temperature. The constant term corresponds to scattering off defects and magnetoresistance. The defect part is due to impurities and finite crystal size. Since copper coating...
RadiaBeam has developed a novel design of high-power RF windows to be used in high-power proton accelerators, such as SNS. This design is based on the utilization of coaxial windows between two waveguides to coax transitions, instead of a ceramic window in a uniform cylindrical waveguide, which provides several significant benefits. First, the diameter of the ceramic disk in the coaxial line...
The APAM Laboratory of the ENEA Frascati Research Centre hosts two electron beam S-Band standing wave linacs. The older one, named REX, produces a 5 MeV, 150 mA electron beam with maximum PRF of 20 Hz. The second one, named TECHEA, was recently commissioned within a Research and Development program focused on breast radiotherapy applications: it produces a 3 MeV, 130 mA electron beam with...
A beam position monitor based on Cherenkov diffraction radiation (ChDR BPM) is currently under investigation to disentangle the electromagnetic field of an electron bunch from that of a proton bunch travelling together in time and space in the beam-line of the AWAKE plasma acceleration experiment at CERN. The signals from a horizontal pair of ChDR BPM radiators have been studied under a...
For the x-ray free electron laser operation, the correlated energy spread of electron beam should remain optimized for the best performance. However, it could be varied owing to the drift of RF stations, even though a feedback system with low-level RF is operating. Non-destructive energy spread monitoring could stabilize such a variation and offer a tool to maintain the correlated energy...
In the novel device described in this presentation uses a simple, strip cathode provides a sheet beam probe for tomography instead of a scanning pencil beam that was used in previous electron probe bunch profile monitors. The apparatus with the strip cathode is smaller, has simpler design and less expensive manufacturing, has better magnetic shielding, has higher sensitivity, higher...
Beam position monitors (BPMs) are fundamental diagnostic tools for lightsources: thanks to their data readout, machine orbit can be stabilized and corrected by control systems. New generation machines need better performances on these diagnostic devices due to increased demands, such as smaller photon beam size and long-term stability. This article outlines all the devices that will make up...
At Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste (Italy), the Elettra 2.0 project aims to develop a new-generation storage ring. Taking into consideration the numerous constraints, we decided to adopt a new design of a vacuum chamber, while utilizing novel pumping solutions to overcome hugely reduced conductance compared to the current machine. Large sputter ion pumps (SIP) will be in majority replaced by...
In everyday the lighting environments is increasingly replacing incandescent and fluorescent bulbs with light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which offer superior electricity-to-light conversion efficiency. In accelerator facilities, too, the time has come to replace conventional lighting with LEDs and other high-efficiency, green lighting. In order to promote the replacement of lighting in an...
Emittance is one of the most important beam parameters in accelerators. Therefore, many emittance measurement methods such as Allison-type scanners, pepper pots, slit-scan methods, quadrupole scan methods, etc. have been widely used. In the case of the RAON heavy ion accelerator, an Allison-type emittance scanner is installed at the low-energy beam transport section. However, there is no other...
The high luminosity specifications for future linear colliders, such as the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) require extremely small vertical beam emittance at the interaction point. This relies on minimizing the emittance growth in the collider sub-systems. One major source of emittance growth is the Main Linac, mainly caused by misaligned quadrupoles and accelerating structures. The current...
Beam lines magnets for high rigidity particles can have a large power dissipation. In presence of a high duty cycle, this translates in a considerable amount of energy waste. The call for sustainability of large research infrastructures, like particle accelerator centers, and also the recent increase of the cost of energy, requires to take measures to reduce the energy consumption, even if at...
At the KIT storage ring KARA (Karlsruhe Research Accelerator), a far-field electro-optical (EO) experimental setup to measure the temporal profile of the coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) is implemented. Here, the EOSD (electro-optical spectral decoding) technique will be used to obtain single-shot measurements of the temporal CSR profile in the terahertz frequency domain. To keep the...
To better understand the beam-RF jitter at the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator Facility, a high-resolution bunch arrival monitor (BAM) is being developed. The BAM take advantages of a commercial, electro-optic modulator (EOM) to measure the bunch timing though optical modulation. This non-descructive technique is far superior and the resolution can be as high as several femto-second. A...
After 25 years of successful research in the nuclear and radiation physics domain, the KVI-CART research center in Groningen is upgraded and re-established as the PARticle Therapy REsearch Center (PARTREC). Using the superconducting cyclotron AGOR and being embedded within the University Medical Center Groningen, it operates in close collaboration with the Groningen Proton Therapy Center....
ESS is poised to be a high intensity and high energy neutron source for scientific applications. The source behind this high intensity neutron beam is a long pulse linear proton accelerator. In order to meet the stringent requirements on the proton beam, the protons need to be accelerated in stable accelerating gradients in the accelerating cavities. In order to achieve this, the LLRF system...
In EUV lithography, high volume manufacturing already started using a laser-produced plasma (LPP) source of 250-W power at 13.5 nm. However, development of a high-power EUV light source is still very important to overcome the stochastic effects for a higher throughput and higher numerical aperture (NA) in future. The required EUV power for the 3-nm node and beyond at the maximum throughput of...
Additive Manufacturing (AM) offers different benefits such as efficient material usage, reduced production time and design freedom. Moreover, with continuous technological developments, AM expands in versatility and different material usage capabilities. Recently new energy sources have been developed for AM – green wavelength lasers, which provide better energy absorption for pure copper. ...
Conventional RF vacuum windows are made of metalized ceramics, hermetically brazed to a pillbox cavity. High-power windows, operating in UHF band, require the fabrication of ceramic disks with diameters on the order of 200mm (8’’). Furthermore, a Titanium Nitride (TiN) multipactor suppression coating must be applied to the ceramic surfaces. The large size and complex internal geometry of these...
The Low-Level Radio Frequency (LLRF) control system is one of the most critical superconducting linac infrastructures responsible for the parameters of the beam acceleration. The LLRF system mainly focuses on the electromagnetic field parameters inside the cavity. While it incorporates fast feedback algorithms to optimize energy transfer to the passing particle beam it does not follow other...
The handling of very sensitive bi-alkali antimonide photocathodes as the electron source for the SRF photoinjector of SEAlab is a critical procedure for its operation. After the growth of the photocathode, they have to be transferred in-situ under extreme UHV conditions using a vacuum suitcase and under particulate-free conditions to avoid the contamination of the SRF cavity. Therefore, we...
The MedAustron Ion Therapy Centre is a synchrotron-based particle therapy facility, which delivers proton and carbon beams for clinical treatments. Currently, the facility treats 40 patients per day and is improving its systems and workflows to further increase this number. Although MedAustron is a young and modern center, the life-cycle of certain crucial control electronics is near...
The Superconducting RF photo-injector with the prototype 1.4 lambda/2-cell Niobium cavity of the bERLinPro Energy Recovery Linac (ERL), recently renamed to SEALab, was tested and characterized in a dedicated beam test facility called Gunlab to analyze its performance for the ERL*. After dismantling and refurbishing of the cavity, a small surface defect was found close to the cathode opening...
Older cyclotrons still find a variety of applications in research and education, but in many cases the beam dynamics of these machines is not well understood, which can be a limitation to achieving their ultimate performance.
The cyclotron at the Crocker Nuclear Laboratory at UC Davis is a capable of accelerating protons, deuterons, or alpha particles to variable energies up to a maximum...
Achieving a high signal-to-noise ratio is challenging in electron scattering experiments that require low average probe current or low total electron dose, e.g., time resolved hard-matter or radiation-sensitive soft matter experiments. A promising method for improving the signal-to-noise ratio when electron counts are low is to structure the electron wavefunction with optical fields and then...
New generation low-emittance storage rings bring new challenges for vacuum system design and to industry partners. Vacuum chambers from copper alloys are more frequently required, and processes for forming, machining, welding, cleaning and non-evaporable getter coating have been developed in response to this demand.
The technical challenges, available processes, and examples of recent...
The SIS100 heavy ion synchrotron as core part of the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) will be equipped with 14 accelerating RF stations in the first stage of realization. Each RF station consists of a tunable ferrite-loaded cavity powered by a tetrode amplifier. Further key components are a solid-state pre-amplifier, a power supply unit, and dedicated Low-Level Radio Frequency...
The accelerator upgrades of SLS and Elettra will use newly designed kickers adapted for their small aperture beam pipes.
The striplines of the transverse kickers conform closely to the aperture of the beam pipe with special grooves to avoid synchrotron light on the blades. The multitude of trapped higher order modes, caused by a high beam pipe cut-off frequency and dangerous in terms of...
Protons are dominant radiation source in the space environment causing radiation effects such as SEE(Single Event Effects), DD(Displacement Damage) to EEE(electrical, electornics and Electromechanical) parts of spacecraft. Until now, radiation effect test for space EEE parts have been carried out by using a 100 MeV proton irradiation facility (BL102) at KOMAC(Korea Multi-purpose Accelerator...
The Electron Ion Collider (EIC) Hadron Storage Ring (HSR) will reuse most of the existing superconducting magnets from the RHIC storage rings. To comply with the more demanding operational scenarios imposed by the EIC hadron beams, the beam pipes of the reused RHIC magnets will be equipped with low surface impedance and low SEY screens.
The installation of these screens will be done with the...
The Hefei Advanced Light Facility (HALF) is a diffraction limited storage ring (DLSR) being constructed. As the main component of the storage ring vacuum system, the vacuum chamber transports the beam and withstands the thermal effect of synchrotron radiation simultaneously. The thermal and mechanical condition of the vacuum chamber of HALF were quantitatively analysed by means of ANSYS...
The NHa C400 is the first compact superconducting cyclotron used for carbon therapy in the world. Carbon therapy is particularly effective for treating radiation-resistant tumors, as compared to more conventional radiotherapy techniques.
In this work, a 3D finite element model of the Nb-Ti coil has been developed using the open-source solver GetDP. First, an accurate representation of the DC...
Ultrafast electron microscopy (UEM) can be used to probe
ultrasmall (nm scale) and ultrafast (fs scale) world. At the
fundamental level, atomic potentials determine the elastic
electron scattering in UEMs. Here we calculate the first
correction term analytically for elastic scattering of electrons
by atoms in the weak phase object approximation. Its effect
varies with atom types and...
Recently presented RF cavity prototypes printed entirely from pure copper illustrate the potential of additive manufacturing (AM), and particularly laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), for accelerator technology. Thereby, the design freedom of L-PBF is only limited by overhanging geometries, which have to be printed with supporting structures to ensure sufficient accuracy. However, subsequent...
A new real-time measurement system for accelerator control, named FIRESTORM (Field In Real-time Streaming from Online Reference Magnets), to measure the integrated bending field has been recently deployed and commissioned in six synchrotron rings at CERN. We present the operational experience during the preparation phase and the restart of the accelerator complex for Run 3, focusing on the...
The Karlsruhe Research Accelerator (KARA) is an electron storage ring, which features an electro-optical near-field monitor within the beam pipe in vacuum as a tool for longitudinal bunch profile measurements. The device performs very well in single-shot turn-by-turn measurements during single-bunch operation and over the years. The design has been optimized to be prepared for measurements in...
CEPC can also work as a powerful and excellent synchrotron light source, which can generate high-quality synchrotron radiation. This synchrotron radiation has potential advantages in the medical field, with a broad spectrum, with energies ranging from visible light to X-rays used in conventional radiotherapy, up to several MeV. FLASH radiotherapy is one of the most advanced radiotherapy...
The two dominant radiotherapy methods are either simplified in terms of beam generation and handling, which compromises the energy deposition curve in tissues (photon therapy) or require extensive accelerator facilities and complex beam delivery systems to provide a favourable shape of the energy deposition curve (hadron therapy). The advantages of both of these methods, such as the low cost...
Iterative Learning Control (ILC) is a technique for adaptive feed forward control of electro-mechanical plant that either performs programmed periodic behavior or rejects quasi-periodic disturbances. ILC can suppress particle-beam RF-loading transients in RF cavities for acceleration. This paper, for the first time, explains the structural causes of ``bad learning transients'' for causal and...
SPES (Selective Production of Exotic Species) is an ISOL type facility for production and postacceleration of exotic nuclei for forefront research in nuclear physics, for the operation it must be equipped with a safety system compliant with the Italian regulatory framework.
The object of this work is to report how the Safety Requirement Specifications, generated from the safety analysis, are...
Proton therapy provides significant advantages over classic radiotherapy for specific cancerous diseases, notably by limiting the delivered dose to organs at risk (OARs). Novel treatment modalities such as flash and arc therapy require changing the energy delivered at the isocenter while providing a high dose rate. Fixed-field achromatic transport lattices satisfy both constraints, allowing...
Laser Compton Scattering Gamma-ray beam (F-LCS), which has a flat distribution in the energy spectrum and the special distribution, has been developed to study an isotope selective CT Imaging application in the beamline BL1U in UVSOR. The generation of F-LCS beam has been demonstrated by using the Apple-II undulator installed in BL1U in UVSOR*. The principle of F-LCS generation, EGS5...
At FAIR, GNU Radio* is being used as part of the generic monitoring and first-line diagnostics for acceleratorrelated devices, and to further support equipment experts, operation, and FAIR users in developing basic to advanced top-level measurement and control loops.
GNU Radio is a free and open-source software development toolkit supporting hundreds of low-cost to high-performance...
Presently, superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities with high intrinsic quality factors are used in particle accelerators, as a high intrinsic quality factor allows for increased energy efficiency. As such, this technology benefits new research into light source linacs such as in the new LCLS-II system. However, due to the narrow bandwidth attributed to large quality factors, the use of...
The building blocks of a scientific facility based on particle beams is made of magnets and electro-magnetic devices such as accelerating cavities. The optical design usually imposes a demanding accuracy with respect to their theoretically exact position and orientation. It is however frequent that the functional features are either not clearly defined – what is the « axis » of a magnet –, or...
The CHIMERA (up to December 2022) and HEARTS (as of January 2023) projects aim to facilitate radiation effects testing of electronics components using heavy ion beams before deployment in harsh radiation environments such as space or high energy accelerators. The required (micro-) electronics reliability assurance testing conditions can be met by using 100 MeV/n - 5 GeV/n Pb ion beams...
A center for ion beam therapy and research is under development in Waco, TX with site preparation and construction underway. The center incorporates state-of-the-art accelerator technologies including the capability to perform ultra-high dose irradiation (FLASH) research with ions. The ion source and beam capture system will be comprised of an Electron-Cyclotron-Resonance (ECR) source...
We present design of a normal conducting, high efficiency linac that would provide a CW beam of 1 MW electrons at 1 MeV energy for various environmental applications. When a flowing sheet of wastewater is exposed to such a beam, various radiation-induced reactants are generated that lead to water purification by decomposing the chemical and biological pollutants therein. Such a linac could...
The strong penetrating ability of relativestic electron beam with energy as high as several tens of MeV prohabits the possibility forming an image based on absorption by material. However, we demonstrate that it can make a shadowgraphy based on scattering. The demand for electron beam is analyzed and simulations are conducted, experiments carried out at the 120 MeV linear accelerator proves...
Tetrode-based amplifiers are well-established, and now have a revitalized supply chain after their demise looked imminent. High power tetrodes have been to show a greater power density and frequency range than solid state amplification, making them a robust choice for future accelerators and fusion devices. Recently, the MIT PSFC spearheaded an effort to source new pyrolytic graphite grids,...
An electro-optic beam position monitor is in development for the HL-LHC to enable high-bandwidth monitoring of crabbed bunch rotation and intra-bunch instabilities. Following in-air beam tests of a prototype at HiRadMat and the Clear facilities at CERN in 2021 and 2022, a new in-vacuum version is being prepared for operation in the SPS during LHC Run 3. We report on progress toward the design...
The Argonne Tandem Linear Accelerator System (ATLAS) at Argonne National Lab is a superconducting ion linac capable of delivering beams ranging over all possible elements, from hydrogen to uranium, and at a wide range of beam currents and energies. The ATLAS scientific program is focused primarily on basic nuclear physics. In this contribution, we present the capabilities of ATLAS for...
The technological evolution of analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters increases the amount of data that can be processed in the digital domain. Therefore, direct digitization enables many advanced signal processing techniques and is attracting more and more attention in the field of accelerator instrumentation. The future HL-LHC Beam Position Monitor (BPM) data acquisition system...
IC@MS is a modular and containerized web-based alarm management system. Scientific facilities need alarm management tools to increase effective operation. Experience shows that control systems face unexpected issues, that should be tracked and archived. The mature control system may require the involvement of many engineers to access the alarm list and focus on the most important ones. IC@MS...
Magnetic field errors pose a limitation in the performance of circular accelerators, as they excite non-systematic resonances, reduce dynamic aperture and may result in beam loss. Their effect can be compensated assuming knowledge of their location and strength. Procedures based on orbit response matrices or resonance driving terms build a field error model sequentially for different...
The Hollow Electron Lens (HEL) was proposed to actively remove the beam halo of the proton beam for the HL-LHC upgrade. Currently, the concept of generating such an electron beam is being tested in a dedicated Electron Beam Test Stand (EBTS) at CERN. It currently produces a hollow electron beam with 7 keV energy and 0.4 A current 25 us pulsed with 2 Hz which will be confined in a strong...
Beam-based alignment (BBA) for quadrupoles is a routine process for circular accelerators to steer beam orbit through the magnetic centers such that the orbit is unperturbed when the strengths of quadrupoles are varied. The random errors associated with BBA are well known, but a type of systematic error appears to be neglected by the community. A standard measurement procedure involves...
The Forward Physics Facility (FPF) is a proposed experimental facility to be installed several hundred meters downstream from the ATLAS interaction point to intercept long-lived particles and neutrinos produced along the beam collision axis and which are therefore outside of the acceptance of the ATLAS detector. The construction of this facility, and in particular the excavation of the...
Superconducting curved magnets are able to reduce accelerator footprints by producing strong fields (>3T) for applications such as carbon ion therapy, however the effect of strongly curved magnetic multipoles and fringe fields on accelerator beam dynamics is not fully understood. This is especially important in compact synchrotrons, where fringe fields can significantly affect beam quality and...
The TLS (Taiwan Light Source) is a third generation of synchrotron light source which has been operated for more than 25 years, and its control system is a proprietary designed system. Due to component outage issues, the maintenance of the TLS control system is challenging. Some parts of the control system are being rejuvenated with the help of the EPICS framework used in the TPS (Taiwan...
This paper describes the changes in the design of the MTCA-complaint Local Oscillator (LO) Rear Transition Module (RTM) board providing low phase noise clock and heterodyne signals for the 704.42 MHz Low-Level Radio Frequency (LLRF) control system at the European Spallation Source (ESS). Global chip shortage, as well as experience gained during the production and operation of Revision 1.2,...
The longitudinal phase space tomography, which reconstructs the phase space distribution from the one-dimensional bunch profiles, is used in various accelerators to measure longitudinal beam parameters. At the J-PARC, an implementation of the phase space tomography based on the convolution back projection method has been used to measure the momentum spread of the injected beam. The method...
Methodical studies to improve the existing e-beam Longitudinal Phase Space (LPS) tomography were performed at the Photo Injector Test facility at DESY in Zeuthen. Proof-of-principle simulations were done to address some core concerns e.g. booster phase range, space charge effects and noisy artefacts in results. Phase advance analysis was done with the help of an analytical model that...
The LHC interlock BPM system is used as part of the beam abort system to insure that beam trajectories in those regions are conform with a safe extraction of the beams from the main ring to the dump lines.
After more than 10 years of operation, the system has shown some limitations in bandwidth and dynamic range and a study was initiated to look for improvements.
Nowadays, with the...
The Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) employs the use of BPPMs (Beam Position and Phase Monitors) to track the position and phase of beam throughout the site. In the past, BPPMs in the 805MHz CCL (Coupled Cavity Linac) section of the site used a 201.25MHz reference over facility network fiber, using RF media converters. This fiber reference distribution gave rise to give a large...
The IBA ProteusOne (P1) system is suitable to treat ocular tumors and achieves efficient dose conformality using state-of-the-art pencil beam scanning. Nevertheless, with the limited cyclotron current of the P1 system, clinically relevant (> 15 Gy/min) dose rates can barely be achieved in eye tumors treatment cases with the baseline configuration of the system due to the significantly high...
Properly managed asset and maintenance processes is key for minimizing unplanned downtime and to ensure efficient operations of any large-scale technical installation, including particle accelerator complexes. CERN has therefore over the last years significantly increased its use of a commercial EAM (Enterprise Asset Management) platform in order to support such efforts. With its advanced...
SuperKEKB is an asymmetrical lepton collider with a circumference of 3 016 meters, which collides 7 GeV electrons with 4 GeV positrons. To optimize the luminosity, which recently reached a world record of 4.71 10^34 cm-2 s-1, all the undesirable effects on beam parameters must be analyzed in detail, especially close to the interaction point where the Belle II detector is operated. The...
Machine learning techniques have developed rapidly in the last decade and are widely used to solve complex scientific and engineering problems. Many accelerator laboratories internationally have begun to experiment with machine learning and big data techniques for processing accelerations. This paper presented the application of machine learning to the Hefei Light Source. Including the...
In this article, the results obtained with a new designing approach for the active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) algorithm are presented, where loop shaping techniques are used in order to stabilize the controller and make it more resilient to delay. The objective of this work is to describe the experiment performed to test the microphonic reduction capability of the modified ADRC...
Additive Machining (AM) technology is already used in many manufacturing domains and provides many benefits such as design freedom, cooling, and performance improvements as well as significant manufacturing time reduction. AM is also being considered for the manufacture of a Radio Frequency Quadrupole, where an important unknown is the voltage holding capability of AM surfaces. To address this...
The Collider Accelerator Complex at Brookhaven National Lab (BNL) contains millions of control points. Monitoring tolerances for these control points is crucial for the system and is a challenging task. Catching early signs of failures in those systems will be very beneficial as they can save extensive downtime. Anomaly detection in particle accelerators has been highlighted and can...
Modern hadron-therapy accelerators have to provide high intensity beams for innovative dose-delivery modalities such as FLASH, pencil beams for 3D scanning, as well as multiple ions with radio-biological complementarity. They need to be compact, cheap and have a reduced energy footprint. At the same time, they need to be reliable, safe and simple to operate. Cyclotrons and compact synchrotrons...
Superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) photoinjectors offer a broad range of electron beam parameters and are therefore suitable for many applications such as energy recovery linac (ERL) driven lightsources, particle colliders, or for ultrafast electron scattering experiments. We are now nearing completion of the setup a SRF photoinjector with a SRF gun and SRF booster linac at the SEALAb...
This project aims to develop a 100 MeV proton accelerator-based space environment chamber and create a radiation test database of electronic and optical components in the space environment. The chamber for the space radiation environment consists of various beam diagnostic equipment and control points. An integrated control system for remotely monitoring and controlling these signals has been...
Neutron scattering experiments have undergone significant technological development through large area detectors with concurrent enhancements in neutron transport and electronic functionality. Data collected for neutron events include detector pixel location in 3D, time and associated metadata, such as, sample orientation, neutron wavelength, and environmental conditions. RadiaSoft and Oak...
The potential for developing compact, high-brightness particle and radiation sources has given a strong impetus to the development of the underpinning laser technology, including increasing the efficiency and repetition rate of the lasers. A result of this technological development can be seen in the new generation of ultrafast high-power laser systems working at a high repetition rate which...
The Italian Minister for University and Research has recently funded a large program for an Innovative Research infrastructure on applied Superconductivity in Italy. Based on the LASA lab in Milan it is a partnership among: INFN (leader, participating with 4 labs: Frascati, Genoa, Milan, Salerno); CNR (SPIN institute in Genoa, Naples and Salerno); five Universities: Genoa, Milan, Naples,...
Jacobs remote leak sealing service seals holes of up to 10mm effective diameter within inaccessible pipes where access is either dangerous, impractical, or not cost effective. Many complex research facilities such as particle accelerators contain large amounts of remote pipework in inaccessible areas. This inaccessibility can be caused by being:
• Buried post construction in...
KEK LUCX facility is a compact linear accelerator used for advanced accelerator technology and electron beam instrumentation R&Ds.
New LLRF (Low-Level RF) phase and amplitude feedback based on FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) board was developed and tested during the LUCX facility routine operation. The RedPitaya 125-14 (also known as STEMLab 125-14) FPGA board was chosen due to its...
The Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) timing system leverages a commercial event-driven system from Micro Research Finland (MRF) which is in use at various (16+) accelerators facilities around the world. Recent upgrades to the LANSCE accelerator machine protection [Fast Protect] system utilizing MRF event receivers will address some long-standing issues that require non-intuitive work...
The Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) continues to invest into the future of its facility. In 2022 and after a 11-year effort the original and reliable RICE (Remote Instrumentation and Control Equipment) system was decommissioned. It was replaced with a modern customized control system in small stages during each annual 4-month outage. Since 1972 when the first proton beam was...
Copper and copper alloys are widely used in the Nuclear Fusion field for their outstanding characteristics, especially in terms of thermal and electrical conductivities. CuCrZr is peculiarly suitable and well-known in High Energy applications because it combines good conductivity and good mechanical properties. Moreover, the material properties can be tuned with thermal treatments to fit the...
Niobium is particularly appreciated for its superconductive properties. One of the main applications of this metal in Nuclear Physics is the production of superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) cavities for particle accelerators. Additive Manufacturing (AM) gives the chance to fabricate objects with very complex shapes; also, high melting temperature and hard-to-machine materials can be easily...
Modelling the fast orbit feedback (FOFB) system for the upcoming PETRA IV storage ring is in progress. The single-input-single-output (SISO) simulations provide an abstract insight into the FOFB system's performance and stability. Nevertheless, to investigate the orbit correctability in general and at spatial locations of interest, i.e. insertion devices, the simulations are extended to...
LhARA*, the ‘Laser-hybrid Accelerator for Radiobiological Applications’, will be a novel, uniquely flexible, facility dedicated to the study of radiobiology. LhARA will use a high-power pulsed laser to generate a short burst of protons or light ions. These will be captured using strong-focusing electron-plasma (Gabor) lenses. Acceleration using a fixed-field alternating-gradient accelerator...
The synchrotron light source BESSY-II has been in operation for almost 25 years and modernization measures are needed to maintain competitiveness until its successor BESSY-III comes online. One measure is to replace the old analogue LLRF control units with new, state of the art mTCA.4-based digital ones. The so-called “single cavity” firmware developed by DESY is being used together with the...
We present an approach for detection of anomalous behavior of magnet power supplies (PSs) in storage rings, which may serve as an early indication of an impending PS trip. In this new method, we train a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network to predict the temperature of several components of a PS (transistors, capacitors) based on the PS current, PS voltage, room temperature, and...
The MAX IV 3 GeV linac delivers electron beams to two synchrotron rings and to a dedicated undulator system for X-ray beam delivery in the Short Pulse Facility (SPF). In addition, there are plans to use the linac as an injector for a future Soft X-ray Laser (SXL). For both SPF and SXL operations, longitudinal beam characterisation with a high temporal resolution is essential. For this purpose,...
Longitudinal phase space (LPS), referring as the current profile and the energy spread, is among the most important parameters to be known in many accelerators that require high quality electron beams, such as an Ultrafast Electron Diffraction (UED) or a Free Electron Laser (FEL). For a UED or a long wavelength FEL, the beam energy is usually on the level of several MeV or a few tens MeV. In...
The Los Alamos Neutron Science Center’s proton storage ring (PSR) extraction kicker systems consist of two thyratron switched blumlein modulators. The operating parameters of the PSR have changed over the years and the flattop voltage of the modulator outputs has become a limiting factor in the length of the beam pulse able to be extracted from the ring. The extraction voltage pulse travels...
The Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) is a particle accelerator at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) that accelerates protons and heavy ions using the strong focusing principle. In this work, we perform simulation studies on the AGS ring of a machine error detection method by comparing simulated and measured orbit response matrices (ORMs). We also present preliminary results of...
Longitudinal beam diagnostics are a useful aid during tuning of particle accelerators, but acquiring them usually requires destructive and time intensive measurements. In order to provide such diagnostics non-destructively, computational methods allow for the development of virtual diagnostics. Existing Fourier-based reconstruction methods for longitudinal current reconstruction, tend to be...
The temporal profile of the electron bunch is of critical importance in accelerator areas such as free-electron lasers and novel acceleration. In FELs, it strongly influences factors including efficiency and the profile of the photon pulse generated for user experiments, while in novel acceleration techniques it contributes to enhanced interaction of the witness beam with the driving electric...
Various initiatives in Europe have bene launched to study superconducting magnets for a rotatable gantry suitable for delivery up to 440 MeV/A carbon ions for hadron therapy. One initiative is led by INFN inside an agreement with CERN, CNAO and MedAustron aiming at designing and manufacturing a strongly curved costheta dipole (Rbending = 1.6 m) rated for 4 T central field and a ramp rate of...
In 2021 there were 36 particle therapy facilities under construction world wide of which 5 are planned to be able to deliver Carbon. One in Caen France and four in Asia. In May 2022 Mayo Clinic Florida (MCF) broke ground to build a Proton and Carbon Ion treatment center in Jacksonville Florida. The MCF facility is comprised of a hybrid synchrotron 56.8 m in circumference with twelve dipoles...
CERN is currently developing a 40 kV proof of concept Inductive Adder (IA) for replacing the Proton Synchrotron (PS) complex pulse generators, which currently use 80 kV SF6 gas filled pulse forming lines. The experience gained during the design, commissioning and operation of this prototype device will be crucial for upcoming decisions on the type of future kicker pulse generators. The...
Linac is the first machine in the accelerator chain at Fermilab where H$^{-}$ ions are accelerated from 35 keV to 401.5\,MeV and then injected into a synchronton known as Booster where they are stripped of their electrons to become protons. One of the tools used during tuning of the Linac extraction energy is two beam pickups known as Griffin Detectors. Our goal is to control the output energy...
This paper reports the results of the first measurements of the differential cross section of the 80Se(γ,n)79Se reaction with a linearly polarized gamma-ray (γ-ray) beam. The cross section was measured at three incident γ-ray beam energies: 15.6, 15.8, and 16.0 MeV, with a beam energy spread of 3.0% full width at half-maximum (FWHM). The differential cross section for the excitation spectrum...
NEG-coated chambers have been adopted as the beam ducts for large particle accelerators and synchrotron light sources for the sake of the lower yields of the photon stimulated desorption (PSD) and the photoelectrons (PE) from the NEG films in addition to their pumping performance. Measurement of the photoelectron yield (PEY) was performed at the BL19B (PSD) beamline of the 1.5 GeV Taiwan Light...
Measurements of the extracted beam current (BC) for a Clinical Hitachi carbon therapy synchrotron and a Hitachi compact proton therapy synchrotron are reported for a nominal extracted beam current (BC0) of $\approx$ 10 $\frac{MU}{sec}$ and a sample rate of 5 usec (Carbon) and 8 usec (proton). A noise power spectrum analysis identifies the source of variation to be beam or power supply...
The Beam Position Monitor (BPM) is one of the crucial components for Sirius, and they were manufactured in the Materials Group – CNPEM, through the vacuum brazing process. The mechanical strength characterization of the brazed interface is extremely important to protect the storage ring from unwanted leaks in case of breakage of these sensors. The objective of this work is to report the tests...
At DESY, the technical design phase to upgrade the PETRA III storage ring towards the 4th-generation synchrotron light source PETRA IV is ongoing. This foresees a complete renewal of the machine including its existing timing and synchronisation system.
The new timing and synchronisation system needs to deliver precise clocking, which will be implemented by an application-specific hardware...
Commercial Nuclear Reactors have been licensed for construction and operation by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission based on ensuring that criticality accidents and accidental releases of radioactive isotopes are acceptably unlikely. The process to get these licenses is long and expensive, involving extensive calculations and demonstrations, with explicit requirements...
The fast cyclic synchrotron (IS) using the principle of induced acceleration was demonstrated at KEK in 2013 and is now being studied for application to a compact hadron therapy driver (ESCORT) capable of energy swept beam extraction**. The ESCORT has the feature of avoiding instability caused by synchro-beta coupling by accelerating ions using a true variable amplitude pulse voltage that...
Lambda-squared scaling of the ponderomotive potential makes long wavelengths preferable for certain regimes of laser-based particle acceleration, including the laser-wakefield acceleration of electrons at low plasma densities and the acceleration of ions from gaseous targets. Currently, multi-terawatt levels of peak power at long-wave infrared (LWIR) wavelengths around 10 μm can only be...
IFMIF-DONES* is a key device in the EUROfusion roadmap for studying and licensing materials for future fusion reactors. It will be a unique neutron fusion-like irradiation facility equipped with a linear particle accelerator impinging an intense deuteron beam (125 mA, 40 MeV) onto a liquid lithium target. In terms of safety analysis of the facility, relevant accidental scenarios are related to...
Non-Evaporable Getter (NEG) development at DESY has been ongoing to accommodate PETRA IV machine requirements. While most of the PETRA IV beam vacuum chambers will be manufactured from oxygen-free silver-bearing (OFS) copper and coated with NEG, getter film performance on these substrates has not been tested as extensively as on the stainless-steel. In order to investigate pumping and...
Controls of the White circuits for the booster synchrotron of Taiwan Light Source was developed in late 1990s. That design based on various analog circuitry to detect 10 Hz magnet amplitude and phase. The existed implementation consists of analog regulation for amplitude control and digital regulation for relative phase between magnet family. Modernized of the White circuits controls was...
The Linac system at Taiwan Light Source (TLS) has been in operation for almost a quarter of a century and requires upgrades to improve its reliability. To achieve this, some components of the control system have been replaced with new digital low-level RF control units that use emerging technologies. A new unit is based on the open-source hardware platform which is named “Red Pitaya STEMlab”...
The Taiwan Light Source (TLS) is a third generation of synchrotron light source, and it has been operated since 1993. Legacy timing system of the Taiwan Light Source was delivered in early 1990s. To deal with obsolete com-ponents and improve functionality, upgrade to event-based timing system for TLS is under way. The system need coordinate the operation the linac, White Circuit based booster...
Taiwan Light Source (TLS) delivery user service since 1993. Some legacy system have been updated recently to avoid obsolesce and to provide better performance to improve operation efficiency. Proprietary designed timing modules were replaced by event based timing system recently. The magnets of the booster synchrotron configured as three White circuits and drive by resonance excitation....
The CERN PS booster features four extraction kicker systems, one for each of the four superposed rings and three transfer kicker systems for recombination of the beams when being transferred towards the PS. Each of these systems consist of SF6 gas filled Pulse Forming Lines (PFL) which are resonantly charged and then fast discharged by thyratron switches into SF6 gas filled transmission...
The work goal is to present the concept and the model for the reconstruction of the beam emittance from the spectrum of the scattered photons. The Compton process is a back-scattering of a laser pulse on the relativistic electron beam and is at the base of X-ray sources, as for instance, the project STAR. In the scattering process, the scattered photons get energy boost. The energy boosted...
The European Spallation Source - ESS, has achieved its major construction in Lund, Sweden and is currently continuing in parallel the commissioning of its first systems. ESS aims to install and commission the most powerful proton LINear ACcelerator (LINAC) designed for neutron production and a 5MW Target system for the production of pulsed neutrons from spallation. In support of this ambitious...
The bunch length in linacs is an important parameter to characterize the beam as well as to tune and optimize the final accelerator performances. In linear machines this observable is typically determined from the bunch imaged on a screen located downstream of a Transverse Deflecting Structure (TDS) used to impinge a time dependent kick along the longitudinal coordinate of the beam. This kind...
The widely used transverse parameters characterizing particle beams are the Twiss parameters. These parameters can be measured experimentally but they do not fully characterize the beam since they do not account for possible correlations in particle distribution between two transverse coordinates. These correlations may occur due to uncompensated magnetic field at the cathode or misalignment...
To realize more stable operation of a high-intensity ion beam accelerator with a minimum beam loss, we have developed a non-destructive beam profile monitor detecting photons produced by interaction between the beam and a gas sheet injected into the beam line. The gas-injection-type profile monitor should induce scattering of the beam particles, and the beam emittance is considered to become...
At the Karlsruhe Research Accelerator (KARA), an analytical online model of the orbit response matrix (ORM) has been developed and tested. The model, called the bilinear-exponential model with dispersion (BE+d model), is derived from the Mais-Ripken formalism describing coupled betatron motion. Compared to the standard approach of measuring the ORM, this method continuously adapts to changing...
Spatio-temporal couplings (STCs) [1] can have a detrimental effect on the intensity at focus of ultrashort femtosecond lasers. The laser spatio-temporal intensity profile control is a key issue for stable operation of laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA) [2]. Thus, it is necessary to measure and correct STCs. Techniques such as INSIGHT [3] or TERMITES [4] allow reconstructing the full spatial...
OpenDigitizer* is an open-source modernisation of FAIR's modular digitizer infrastructure and graphical user interface based on OpenCMW, WebAssembly, and the GNU Radio 4.0 frameworks.
Already used to provide generic monitoring and first-line diagnostics for accelerator-related devices, it further supports equipment experts, operation, and FAIR users in developing basic to advanced top-level...
CERN’s digital Low-Level RF (LLRF) family for injectors is deployed on CERN’s PS Booster (PSB), Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR), Extra Low ENergy Antiproton (ELENA) ring and Antiproton Decelerator (AD). It implements multiple capabilities, including beam and cavity feedback loops, bunch shaping, longitudinal blowup, bunch splitting and longitudinal diagnostics.
New capabilities are now available...
The current injector system, composed by a linac and a synchrotron booster, will be used to inject into the new storage ring.
After 15 years of operation, some upgrade of the instrumentation devices are required to well characterize the beam parameters extracted from the booster, before and after the implementations in action to reduce the beam emittance.
Brookhaven National Laboratory Accelerator Test Facility is working on development software tools to achieve automated instrument for tuning and alignment of electron source and beam transport line. The end goal is a robust, efficient, and autonomous method of alignment that can operate on a generalized notion of beam fitness, that can optimize any quantifiable metric about the beam (size,...
The CERN SPS injection kicker magnets (MKP) were developed in the 1970's, before beam power deposition was considered an issue. There are two types of these magnets in the SPS: MKP-S (small aperture) and MKP-L (large aperture) versions. The MKP-L magnets are very lossy from a beam impedance perspective: this would be an issue during SPS operation with the higher intensity beams needed in the...
Emittance measurements are a universal requirement when operating particle accelerators. Many techniques exist to achieve these measurements, each suiting the specific requirements of a machine. Most are multi-shot or invasive, and struggle to function with low energy beams or where space-charge effects are dominant. Generally, these limitations can be restricting, but especially so in...
Optical Transition Radiation (OTR) is commonly used in imaging systems of highly relativistic charged particle beams as the light yield and collection efficiency increase with beam energy. For low beam energies, scintillating screens are typically preferred but they saturate or even get damaged when using a high beam current. For such a beam, OTR screens can, therefore, still be an attractive...
A beam profile monitor using gas jet technology is being designed and manufactured at the Cockcroft Institute for high intensity electron beams. It generates a thin, supersonic gas sheet that traverses the beam at a 45-degree orientation and measures the beam-induced fluorescence interactions to produce a 2D beam profile image. The gas sheet acts similar to a scintillating screen, but remains...
Beam-based alignment and feedback systems are essential for the operation of the Free Electron Lasers (FELs). Cavity BPMs having the advantage of high position resolution are widely used in the field of accelerators. Systematically analyze the impact of the key parameters of each subsystem on the performance of the whole system, so that the key technical indicators of each subsystem can...
Following works aiming at optimizing photonic focal spot size measurement conditions on AIRIX, we decided to improve our electron beam picture processing software with a goal of studying a potential relationship between AIRIX electronic and photonic focal spot size dimensions. AIRIX electronic focal spot size is obtained from an OTR measurement chain established by adapted optics and an...
During the Long Shutdown 2 (LS2) at CERN, the new Linac4 (L4) accelerator has been
successfully connected to the PS Booster (PSB) to inject 160 MeV H− beam into the 4
superposed PSB rings. The horizontal displacement of the circulating beam during injection
relies on 4 pulsed dipole magnets. During the initial run of the new magnet system, non-
conformities have been observed. These...
One of the Grand Challenges in beam physics relates to the use of virtual particle accelerators for beam prediction and optimization. Useful virtual accelerators rely on efficient and effective methodologies grounded in theory, simulation, and experiment. This work extends the application of the Sparse Identification of Nonlinear Dynamical systems (SINDy) algorithm, which we have previously...
An R&D platform for electron FLASH radiation therapy and radiation biology is being prepared at the Photo Injector Test facility at DESY in Zeuthen (FLASHlab@PITZ). This platform is based on the unique beam parameters available at PITZ: ps scale electron bunches of up to 22 MeV with up to 5 nC bunch charge at MHz bunch repetition rate in bunch trains of up to 1 ms in length repeating at 1 to...
The PSB, PS, and SPS accelerators at CERN provide high-energy proton and ion beams to a wide range of experiments, from fixed targets to the world’s biggest particle accelerator: the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). In 2021 and 2022, their beams have reached unprecedented intensities thanks to the LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) undertaken during the Long Shutdown 2 (LS2) in preparation of the...
During the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) operation small fractions of the beam are lost continuously, leading to mixed-field radiation. Whereas the 2022 radiation environment in the majority of the locations follows expectations established both through measurements and simulations, some discrepancies with respect to the Run 2 operation (2015-2018) were detected. This work presents an overview...
With LCLS-II commissioning started and transfer-to-operations being scheduled, users will have more choices to use different scales of X-Ray FEL. LCLS-I instrument hutches and the beam diagnostic systems at SLAC have the requirements to use the same facilities to detect the X-Rays or electron beams from both LCLS-I and LCLS-II accelerators. Synchronization of the phase reference systems...
In an Ultrafast Electron Diffraction (UED), high-brightness ultrafast electron beams are indispensable to capture critical ultrafast events on an atomic/molecular scale. For space-charge effects (SCE) dominated electron beams, the beam emittance increases significantly during propagation. Understanding the beam emittance evolution during its passage is critical for further improving the UED...
The 3 GeV storage ring light source at the MAX IV Laboratory in Sweden is currently operating with 10 insertion device beamlines. Each of them is equipped with a pair of photon beam position monitors (XBPMs) in the beamline front end. During the past years these XBPMs have been developed to be a reliable monitoring tool for measuring photon beam stability during beamline operation. As a...
To achieve the vacuum quality required for the operation of particle accelerators, the surface of the vacuum vessels must be clean and free of hydrocarbons. This is usually done by wet chemistry processes, e.g. degreasing chemical baths that, in case of radioactive vessels, must be disposed accordingly. An alternative way to perform the removal of hydrocarbons exploits the oxygen plasma...
Laser-driven proton beams are characterized by very high intensities per pulse with a very short duration, extremely high dose rates, and broad energy spectra. These specific features do not allow the use of the conventional dosimeters typically suggested by the international dosimetry protocols for conventional proton beams. Precise dosimetry for laser-accelerated protons is an ambitious task...
Compared to classic proton therapy, proton minibeam radiation therapy (pMBT) further spares normal tissue. To fully study this potential with small animal experiments focused minibeams with a sigma of 50 micrometers, a beam current of 1 nA and approx. 4 cm Proton-range (water) is needed. We present a preclinical pMBT beamline concept based on the 68 MeV cyclotron of the Helmholtz-Zentrum...
Recently, Metal Additive Manufacturing technology enables the possibility to realize cooling systems in accelerator components during the manufacturing process phase, obtaining extremely high density, high thermal, and mechanical properties in metals. In the Neutral Beam Injection for the Divertor Tokamak Test facility, the beam acceleration components are submitted to extremely high-power...
Linear accelerators for medical applications present the possibility to reduce costs compared to cyclotrons or synchrotrons while offering higher beam stability and flexibility. In the framework of NIMMS, the Next Ion Medical Machine Study, the design of a linear accelerator for carbon ion therapy has been completed at CERN. The pre-injector is composed of a fully stripped...
Hadron therapy with light ion beams is gaining momentum due to the possibility to treat tumors that are resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In addition, hadron therapy is the preferred choice of treatment for tumors that are inoperable due to their vicinity to vital organs.
The main advantages of charge particle therapy compared to conventional X-ray radiotherapy are related to the...
Department of Accelerator Science at Korea University, Sejong was established in 2014 to promote accelerator science research and train accelerator scientists and engineers for the growth of domestic accelerator projects in Korea. In addition, Accelerator Research Center and Small Accelerator Application Core Facility Research Center under the department hood were also organized to foster...
Superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities performances strongly depend on the surface preparation. Conventional protocol of SRF surface preparation includes electropolishing (EP) as the main treatment achieving low roughness, clean surface, both for Nb and Cu substrates. Harsh and corrosive solutions are typically used: concentrated HF and H2SO4 acids for Nb, and H3PO4 with Butanol...
LhARA, the Laser-hybrid Accelerator for Radiobiological Applications, is a proposed novel facility capable of delivering high intensity beams of protons and ions that will enable radiobiological research to be carried out in completely new regimes. A two-stage facility, the first stage utilizes laser-target acceleration to produce proton bunches of energies up to 15 MeV. A series of Gabor...
TURBO – Technology for Ultra Rapid Beam Operation – is a novel beam delivery system (BDS) in development at the University of Melbourne. The BDS determines several aspects of treatment delivery, where a bottleneck is the deadtime associated with beam energy variation. Beamlines at treatment facilities have a ±1% momentum acceptance range, requiring all the magnetic fields to adjust to deliver...
The Superconducting RF system of Hefei Advanced Light Facility (HALF) can provide an accelerating electric field for the beam, and its stability is required to be of RMS ≤ 0.1% in amplitude and RMS ≤ 0.1° in phase. To achieve this, a LLRF controller is being prepared for the control of the HALF Superconducting RF system. This LLRF controller mainly consists of three modules of RF front-end,...
The HZB cyclotron continues to provide protons for eye tumor treatment in collaboration with the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin after 24 years and more than 4400 patients so far. With the perspective of broadening its research capabilities in the field of radiation therapy, intensive effort has been dedicated towards proton FLASH irradiation, which requires ultra-high dose rates or beam...
A 4th generation storage ring based light source is being developed in Korea since 2021. The storage ring based on the multi-bend achromat lattice concept may be able to surpass the brightness and coherence. It features about 800 m circumference with 28 cells, 4 GeV e-beam energy. The storage ring girders consist of 140 girders and each cell of girder is composed of five pieces. We have...
Electron beam injection and extraction from the various stages of the SOLEIL II accelerator complex will be performed in three different locations, as it is done today. Injection of the LINAC beam into the upgraded booster and then its extraction use traditional on-axis & on-momentum schemes with single turn kickers and septum magnets. The main Top-Up injection scheme in the storage ring*...
Additive manufacturing ("AM") has become a powerful tool for rapid prototyping and manufacturing of complex geometries. A 433 MHz IH-DTL cavity has been constructed to act as a proof of concept for direct additive manufacturing of linac components. In this case, the internal drift tube structure has been produced from 1.4404 stainless steel, as well as pure copper using AM. The Prototype...
Bunch length is an important metric for user experiments at the Compact Linear Accelerator for Research and Applications (CLARA). A prototype Bunch Compression Monitor (BCM) based on Coherent Transition Ration (CTR) was recently installed and commissioned to support recent user experiments. The intensity of CTR is measured using a pyroelectric detector. A noise cancellation scheme based on a...
The availability of modern accelerators has become a key performance indicator. This is especially the case for accelerator-driven-systems (ADS), such as MYRRHA, which need to deliver beam with very few interruptions longer than a few seconds over a period of several months.
Quantification of such beam interruptions at other accelerators such as LINAC4 at CERN and SNS at ORNL show that their...
Recent studies showed significant improvement in quantum efficiency (QE) by negative electron affinity (NEA) GaAs nanopillar array (NPA) photocathodes over their flat surface peers, particularly at 500 ─ 800 nm waveband. However, the underlying physics is yet to be well understood for further improvement in its performance. In this report, NEA GaAs NPA photocathodes with different dimensions...
As one of on-line single-shot and non-destructive absolute measure methods with high resolution, Electro-Optical (EO) techniques have been wildly utilized in Free Electron Laser to measure the longitudinal bunch profile. A bunch length monitor with 100 fs resolution is required for Shanghai Soft X-ray FEL (SXFEL) facility. The solution based on Electro-Optical Temporal Decoding (EOTD) method...
The Large Hadron Collider at CERN is equipped with instruments that exploit collisions between beam particles and gas targets, one of them being the Beam Gas Vertex monitor. By design, its operation generates secondary particle showers used to measure beam properties, that also result in radiation levels in the tunnel proportional to the beam intensity and gas pressure. In this work, the...
We will propose a novel high resolution method for surface scanning. Optical glow discharge spectroscopy (OGDS) devices are simpler and less expensive than secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS),and can provide excellent spatial resolution. A small change in the design of the discharge device makes it possible to localize sputtering on a small portion of the target and to obtain the...
Miniature single-board cameras have been used for several years to monitor beam-induced residual gas fluorescence. This work gives an overview of the use of so-called Raspberry Pi cameras in accelerator experiments. These devices are installed in vacuum at hard-to-reach locations. They have been tested in strong magnetic fields with low energy proton beams from 2 keV to 60 keV. They have also...
The use of artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to significantly reduce the time required to tune particle accelerators, such as the Argonne Tandem Linear Accelera-tor System (ATLAS). Bayesian optimization with Gauss-ian processes is a suitable AI technique for this purpose, it allows the system to learn from past observations to make predictions without explicitly learning...
Particle accelerators are complex and energy-intensive facilities that require extensive and intertwined connections with the public electrical grid. Furthermore, accelerator facilities are well known for their low power demand flexibility, which depends only on experimental operations, and it must be accommodated independently from the grid. So, it is necessary to develop and test new energy...
Polish Electronics Group (PEG) is one of the in-kind partners to the European Spallation Source (ESS) project. One of its tasks is testing the LLRF control systems before installation in the machine. To perform this task, the Cavity Simulator was developed. It simulates the behavior of an amplifier driving a superconducting cavity, both used in medium and high beta sections of ESS' linac. This...
The beam emittances at the MAX IV 3 GeV fourth generation storage ring are evaluated using synchrotron radiation in the UV to visible energy range. The methods used are combined measurements with various diffraction obstacles and controlled light polarizations. The resolution capability is well covering the needs for the design emittances of the ring. However, accelerator studies often go...
The brightness of the beam in any linear accelerator can be no greater than at its source. Thus characterization of source initial conditions, including spatial and momentum distributions, is then critical to understand brightness evolution in a linac. Often measurement of the initial momentum distribution is hampered by imperfect knowledge of either the spatial source distribution or the...
The transverse size of the electron beam in a storage ring can be measured using the synchrotron radiation of a bending magnet. Due to the diffraction limit, many facilities exploit beam size monitors in the X-ray regime. On the other hand, the visible part of the emitted radiation delivers spatial information via an interference pattern after passing through a double slit. Assuming a Gaussian...
As part of the High Luminosity upgrade for the Large Hadron Collider, several new directive-coupler (stripline) BPMs will be installed near the ATLAS and CMS detectors where the two counter-rotating beams exist within a single beampipe. In the worst case scenario, the bunches of the second beam arrive at the BPM location just 4 ns after those of the first and the BPM signals from the two beams...
The present BPMs of the J-PARC Main Ring have adopted mechanical relays in its processing circuits. Frequency range is limited less than 10 MHz by LPFs. Mechanical relay is chosen due to its good isolation. But the drawback is contact failures due to insulating materials after long suspension period of months. Methods of recovery and checking are reported. Recovery of contacts are performed...
Optimal control is inherent issue in particle accelerators, mainly due to nonlinear and time-varying effects caused by unknown errors such as external environment changes, misalignment, and fabrication defects. In this regard, machine learning techniques are promising to go beyond heuristic methods or traditional optimization algorithms. Reinforcement learning is suited to solve the beam orbit...
The Safe Machine Parameter system (SMP) is a critical part of the machine protection system in CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). It broadcasts safety-critical parameters like beam energy, beam intensity, the beta functions and flags indicating safety levels of the beam to other machine protection elements. The current SMP will be replaced by a...
One of the crucial elements of any scientific installation, especially in particle accelerators, is the timing system. Timing systems are used for providing a common notion of time to all the elements of the facility as well as for the generation of discrete events and periodic signals that are shared by the different elements across the accelerator. In addition, it also can be used for...
Beam currents of particle accelerators used for cancer treatment are often on the nanoampere level. These currents are too low for standard beam current diagnostics used in other fields of particle accelerator science, e.g. current transformers. This led to the general adoption of ionization chambers for beam current and dose rate determination in medical accelerators. However, the development...
Researchers at the National Synchrotron Radiation Re-search Center should use respiratory protective equip-ment to prevent respiratory damage caused by gases, steam, solvents, chemicals, materials containing toxic substances, and oxygen-deficient environments. Those working with organic matter and certain chemical sub-stances and those exposed to occupation dust should use respiratory...
The aims of this work are to measure the energy consumption performance of compressed air systems, determine the weak points, implement the economic assessments and execute energy saving improvements in NSRRC. The compressed air discharge pressure is regulated in 6.0±0.5 kg/cm2. The specific energy requirement (SER) of those compressors is 7.74 ~ 20.05 kW/m3/min. Based on the performance...
Measuring beam parameters in the vicinity of fixed target experiments or interceptive devices like beam dumps is essential to ensure efficient fixed target physics and safe beam operation. At the same time the beam diagnostic reach is very often challenging in terms of robustness and performance. This paper reviews the CERN instruments exploited to measure protons at different CERN fixed...
In accelerator beam chambers and RF waveguides, electron cloud and multipacting can be mitigated effectively by reducing the secondary electron yield (SEY). In recent years, it has been established that laser surface structuring is a very efficient method to create a copper surface with SEY close to or even below unity. Different laser pulse durations, from nanoseconds to picoseconds, can be...
For SRF cavity systems operated in continous wave (CW) at low effective beam loading as in Energy Recovery Linacs or Free Electron Lasers with rather low beam current, control of the tuning and counteracting any detuning caused by microphonics or Lorentz force driven coupled ponderomotive instability is mandatory to deliver and preserve a stable beam in longitudinal phase space regime.
To...
Particle accelerators require continuous adjustment to maintain beam quality. Several machine learning (ML) approaches are being explored for this task. At the Advanced Photon Source (APS), we have recently proposed the adaptive Bayesian optimization (ABO) algorithm and have shown it to be effective experimentally in the APS injector complex. Further testing has suggested several improvements,...
The FAIR complex at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum will generate heavy ion beams of ultimate intensities. To achieve this goal, low charge states have to be used. However, the probability for charge exchange in collisions with residual gas particles of such ions is much higher than for higher charge states. In order to lower the residual gas density to extreme high vacuum conditions, 65% of the...
The upgrade program for AREAL accelerator includes beam energy increase from 5 MeV up to 50 MeV. For this purpose, two 43 cells, and 1.6 m long, S-band accelerating structures are foreseen. The design and fabrication of cells are already carried out in CANDLE. For effective acceleration the tuning of phase advance and frequency of the structure is necessary. The precise geometrical dimension...
In recent years, SAES has deepened its knowledge in the NEG coating field, aiming at uniformly coating vacuum chambers with challenging geometries and fine-tuning the film characteristics, according to the needs and requirements of the final users.
To achieve these goals, several complex vacuum chambers have been coated and studied, both at SAES and in collaboration with various research...
FLASH Radiotherapy is a revolutionary new technique in the cancer cure. Several pre-clinical studies have demonstrated that treatment with electron radiation delivered with mean dose rates above 100Gy/s, an ultra-high instantaneous dose rate > 106Gy/s, and total irradiation time < 100ms, significantly decreases the toxicity in the healthy tissue while keeping the same efficacy in cancer...
According to the schedule, the commissioning of HEPS injector would start in 2023. The high-energy transfer line ‘BR’ is used to deliver 6 GeV electron beams from the booster to storage ring. Systematic simulation of beam commissioning was carried out for the HEPS high-energy transfer line. The simulation results suggest that it is feasible to deliver not only on-momentum but also slightly...
In the CSNS RCS RF system, a combination of feed-back control and adaptive feedforward control was proposed in in the Low-Level Radio Frequency (LLRF) system to ensure stable beam acceleration. Although the effectiveness of the feedforward control has been confirmed in operation, a detailed study on it is still necessary. This paper presents a detailed study on the feedforward control based on...
A compact TDS (transverse-deflecting system) has been proposed for diagnostics of extremely short electron bunches (up to single-digit femtosecond range). The main idea is to use terahertz radiation, produced from optical rectification of the facility’s electron gun laser pulse. This provides an intrinsic synchronization between the electron bunch and the laser pulse. The proposed system is to...
The installation of the new Swiss Light Source - SLS2.0 will start in October 2023. All beamlines will profit from the increased photon beam brightness. Given the geometrical constraints of the new storage ring, high synchrotron radiation power densities must be dissipated on the crotch absorbers. For the bending magnets, as well as the insertion devices, absorbers have been adapted to...
The installation of the SLS2.0 storage ring will start in October 2023. Most of the vacuum chambers composing the 288 m long storage ring will be made out of copper to dissipate the synchrotron radiation heat and to decrease resistive wall impedance. The nominal inner diameter is 18 mm with a wall thickness minimum of one millimeter and distance to pole going down to 0.2 mm at some locations....
FLUTE (Ferninfrarot Linac- Und Test-Experiment) is a compact linac-based test facility for accelerator and diagnostics R&D located at the Karlsruher Institute of Technology (KIT). A new accelerator diagnostics tool, called the split-ring resonator (SRR), was tested at FLUTE, which aims at measuring the longitudinal bunch profile of fs-scale electron bunches. Laser-generated THz radiation is...
As part of the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) project, the SPS (LHC injector) Low Level RF has been completely re-designed. Part of this project is a system that can measure the phase of each individual bunch (5 ns spacing), to be used for both diagnostic and as input to the Beam-Based phase loop. The system uses a 5 G samples per second (Gsps) ADC mezzanine card, mounted on the motherboard with...
Achieving femtosecond synchronization between charged particle beams and experimental laser systems poses a significant challenge for modern particle accelerators. In particular, tight synchronization of multiple remote accelerator systems is required to achieve femtosecond stability of the electron beam. This paper presents the development of the CLARA fibre-stabilized timing distribution...
With the high beam current in storage ring, it is necessary to consider the instability problem caused by the heavy beam loading effect. It has been demonstrated that direct RF feedback (DRFB), autolevel control loop (ALC) and phase-lock loop (PLL) in the main cavity can lessen the impact of the beam effect. This paper regarded the beam, main cavity, harmonic cavity and feedback loops as...
BDSIM is a Monte Carlo simulation program for start-to-end particle tracking through 3D models of particles accelerators. Based on the Geant4 toolkit, BDSIM provides a holistic approach to accelerator modelling by using Geant4’s particle-matter interaction physics with dedicated accelerator tracking routines for beam vacuum transport. Subsequently, the ability to model the hits, losses, &...
At the visible light diagnostic (VLD) port at the Karlsruhe Research Accelerator (KARA), it is possible to measure the energy spread of electron bunches by measuring the horizontal bunch profile of the incoherent synchrotron radiation. KALYPSO, a MHz-rate line-array detector has been used to measure the bunch profile. Recently, the KALYPSO system has been upgraded to a version incorporating a...
Digital twins have emerged as a powerful tool for monitoring and optimizing complex systems, including Synchrotron Light Sources. This paper describes the development of a digital twin for BessyII and MLS, two Synchrotron Light Sources, which allows for real-time monitoring of the machine status and easy integration of online analysis while measurements are taken. The digital twin is designed...
NHa and IBA are collaborating to develop a new cyclotron dedicated to hadron therapy. The manufacturing of the magnet is in an advanced stage. In parallel, extensive studies are carried out to develop an accurate field mapping system. It is required to perform the high precision magnetic field measurement (75 ppm) that will provide the final isochronous field after the well-known shimming...
The "Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research" (FAIR) is a new international accelerator complex, which is currently built in Darmstadt, Germany. Part of this complex is the SIS100 heavy ion synchrotron with a circumference of ~1086 m. To inject ions into the SIS100, an injection kicker system will be required. For fast extraction of the particle beam from the SIS100, an extraction kicker is...
One of the crucial control systems of any particle accelerator is the Low Level Radio Frequency (LLRF). The purpose of a LLRF is to control the amplitude and phase of the field inside the accelerating cavity.
The LLRF is a subsystem of the CEA control domain for the SARAF-LINAC instrumentation and Seven Solutions has designed, developed, manufactured and tested the system based on CEA...
The 1.5-GeV electron storage ring of the synchrotron radiation source DELTA at TU Dortmund University is surrounded by a 1 m thick concrete radiation shielding wall with a height varying between 3.0 and 4.3 m without the top being covered. The installation of a new 7-T superconducting wiggler and tentative plans for a new building in the vicinity motivated recent studies of background...
Bunch length measurement is an essential diagnostic for FEL facilities and now the interest of ultrashort bunch is continuously rising. The nondestructive methods with high resolution are now the favorite design for short bunches less than 1 ps. The technique of cavity bunch length measurement based on the monopole mode is discussed is this article. The influence of many factors on the...
Coherent X-ray beam focus can be characterized using ptychography, a lensless imaging technique used at synchrotron X-ray light sources and free-electron lasers. Ptychography relies on collecting X-ray diffraction from a thin sample at overlapping regions and reconstructing an image from the data. Since the phase is not measured by the detector, ptychography can solve for the phase of the...
In designing the synchrotron light sources like NSLS-II, non-linear perturbation from the sextupoles are thoroughly studied to secure dynamic apertures large enough for the high-performance operation. Also, it can be well understood that the offsets in sextupoles affect the overall machine performance, closed orbit, linear optics, coupling and dispersion. In this paper, we introduce various...
The purpose of a Low Level Radio Frequency (LLRF) system is to control the amplitude and phase of the accelerating field in the cavity. To improve the RF field stability and to decrease the noisy sideband such as few kHz sideband from RF transmitter, a study for the application of active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) is ongoing. ADRC algorithm is based on an extended state observer,...
One of the projects for upgrading at the Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) is the design and fabrication of an improved multipole injection kicker (MIK). The aim is to improve the injection efficiency using four kickers, to deliver transparent injections during the top-up operation. A uniform titanium coating on the inner surface of the ce-ramic substrate is required to reduce the impedance of the...
The beam orbit stability is the crucial indicator to evaluate the performance of the synchrotron radiation source. In order to obtain higher beam quality, higher stability requirements are placed on the beam orbit. The stability can be improved through accurate meas-urement of beam orbit by beam position monitors (BPMs) and appropriate feedback system. However, due to radiation of the...
In order to improve the sensitivity and long-term sta-bility of Hefei Light Source – II (HLS-II) for beam posi-tion measurement, it is necessary to improve the meas-urement method. The beam position monitor (BPM) electronics is used to measure the beam position and is an important part of the beam position measurement system. In this paper, we propose a beam position meas-urement system based...
Surface annealing using intense nanosecond laser pulses is an emerging technique for SRF cavities. This technique can effectively reduce the cavities’ surface defects and improve their RF performance. However, previous studies in this field limited themselves on solid state lasers or gas lasers, which have very low average power and are not practical for processing actual SRF cavities with ~m2...
The performance of operating particle accelerators has been seriously affected by the electron cloud (e-cloud) effect. The secondary electron emission (SEE) and the e-cloud can be effectively suppressed through laser-etching the inner surface of the vacuum chamber. Oxygen-free copper (OFC) has become the first choice for the vacuum chambers of modern accelerators due to its high electric and...
Cherenkov Diffraction Radiation (ChDR), which is emitted when relativistic charged particles pass around dielectric materials, has recently been presented as non-invasive beam diagnostics in various studies. We intend to measure transverse beam size using ChDR in e-LABs, a 100 MeV electron experimental accelerator at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL). The electron energy of e-LABs is...
The 3rd ICFA Beam Dynamics Mini-Workshop on Machine Learning (ML) Applications for Particle Accelerators was held in Chicago, Il, USA, on November 1-4, 2022. This was an in-person workshop focused on ML techniques as applied to accelerator operations, design, and simulations. There were 76 attendees representing 26 institutions from around the world. A total of 59 abstracts were submitted...
The Super Separator Spectrometer (S3) is an experimental device dedicated to fundamental research in nuclear physics at GANIL laboratory in Caen, France. S3 spectrometer was designed in the framework of SPIRAL2 in order to take full advantage of the very high intensity stable ion beam delivered by the superconducting linear accelerator, LINAC*.
In November 2022, the first beam of Argon beam...
The KEKB personal protection system (PPS) takes care of not only KEKB accelerator, but also PF-AR, Positron Damping Ring and their beam transport lines. The PPS is updated step by step. The new beam transport line to the PF-AR was constructed, and it makes possible that the injector supplies the beam to the 5 storage ring (KEKB LER,HER,PF-AR,PF and Positron damping ring) simultaneously. The...
Accelerator physics simulators accurately predict the propagation of a beam in a particle accelerator, taking into account the particle interactions (a.k.a. space charge) inside the beam. A precise estimation of the space charge is required to understand the potential errors causing the difference between simulations and reality. Unfortunately, the space charge is computationally expensive,...
The Slotted Waveguide Elliptical (SWELL) cavity is an elliptical accelerating cavity with an innovative design, proposed by CERN and developed in the scope of the FCC-ee study. The SWELL design is composed of four quadrants, separated by radial slots in order to improve higher order modes (HOM) transverse damping, while minimizing impact on the longitudinal accelerating mode. The quadrants for...
Radiation resistance of materials is an important area of research, relevant to nuclear reactor technology. Various challenges are associated with this research; one of which is the selection of radiation resistant material for the plasma facing wall of the reactor due to its harsh operating environment.* Recent studies reveal that WC has the potential to be developed as radiation resistant...
The Mu2e Experiment has stringent beam structure requirements; namely, it requires short (~200 ns) proton bunches separated by 1.5-2.0 $\mu$s. This beam structure will be produced using the Fermilab 8 GeV Booster, the 8 GeV Recycler Ring, and the Delivery Ring, which was formerly part of the antiproton accumulator system.
Out of time beam is limited to a fraction of level of no more than...
High resolution bunch length monitors are an important diagnostic for the optimisation of any accelerator, from typical linacs or storage rings to novel acceleration systems. Given the availability of synchrotron radiation (SR) in these systems, studies have been carried out into how the spatial profile of the radiation changes with bunch length. Understanding these profile variations offers a...
The CERN SPS Low Level RF (LLRF) has undergone a major upgrade, including the complete redesign of the 200 MHz Cavity-Controllers [1,2] and the Beam-Control [3]
during the Long Shutdown two (LS2) in 2018-21. Two major goals motivated the upgrade, first the required doubling of the proton beam intensity injected from the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) for the High Luminosity Large...
The CERN SPS Low Level RF (LLRF) has undergone a major upgrade, including the complete redesign of the 200MHz Cavity-Controller and the Beam-Control during the Long Shutdown (2018-21). This upgrade was motivated by the required doubling of the beam intensity in the SPS for the High Luminosity LHC project (HL-LHC). This paper covers the embedded acquisition core used in both the 200MHz...
The interlock systems of the CERN Experimental North Area will be consolidated in CERN’s Long Shutdowns 3 and 4, planned to start in 2026. The new interlock systems will guarantee the safe and efficient operation of the machine protection systems for the coming 25 years. The consolidation work includes not only the primary beam areas but also the secondary beam lines and possible new beam...
The planned multi-pulse linear induction accelerator, Scorpius, will be used in radiographic experiments at the NNSS U1A facility. One of the many diagnostics, the emittance diagnostics, will provide information on the quality of the beam emanating from the injector and therefore the quality of the beam in the accelerator. A Slit-Harp design was chosen for the emittance diagnostic. COMSOL...
Non-evaporable getter (NEG) coated vacuum cham-bers are widely used as a vacuum solution in modern particle accelerators.
In the development and testing of new NEG coatings to produce better vacuum, the pumping properties are evaluated.
In this paper, Test Particle Monte-Carlo Simulations are created to investigate whether small bends in sample tubes may affect the results of pumping speed...
The Frascati linear accelerator was built in 1996 to be the electron and positron source and the front end of the DAFNE injector, is now also being used to support the DAFNE accelerator complex and the Beam Test Facility (BTF).
The Frascati linear accelerator system consists of four S-band high-power klystron and modulator systems, fifteen accelerating structures, and four SLAC-type energy...
Ion profile monitors (IPM) are used to measure the beam size in synchrotrons. Both the Fermilab Recycler and Main Injector (MI) machines have IPMs. However, they were not well understood enough to provide confidence in their measurements. Accurately measuring beam size through the IPMs was crucial to recognize the loss mechanisms for accelerators and to keep the beam loss to a minimum. Thus,...
Once completed, the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research in Europe GmbH, FAIR, is to be one of the leading nuclear physics laboratories in Europe and one of the largest and most versatile accelerator complexes worldwide. FAIR can serve a number of experiments simultaneously, using fast-cycling synchrotrons. In this context, safety of personnel has the highest priority. The essential...
The CiADS linac is a superconducting linear accelerator which has hundreds of RF cavities. The stable phase reference line is essential for effective control of accelerating fields in RF cavities, it provides phase reference signals for low level radio frequency systems, beam position monitor systems and timing system with low phase drifts. The phase reference line of CiADS SC linac is a...
The Structured Laser Beam (SLB) is a type of optical beam characterized by an intense, sharply defined, low divergence core at its center, similar in its transverse intensity distribution to a Bessel beam. The SLB can propagate over a theoretically infinite distance, and has recently been tested up to a distance of 900 m. This test confirmed the low divergence of the SLB core, of about 0.01...
At the SPES (Selective Production of Exotic Species) facility, intense Radioactive Ion Beams (RIBs) are produced by the interaction of a 40 MeV proton beam with a multi-foil uranium carbide target employing the Isotope Separation On-Line (ISOL) technique. The Target Ion Source (TIS) unit constitutes the core of the isotope production process. TIS units are replaced on a periodic basis during...
We report on the behaviour and tuning of the diagnostics of the ThomX
Compact source during the accelerator commissioning. These diagnostics
consist of Beam Position Monitors, screens used to measure the beam
profile (YAG and OTR), charge monitors, bunch length monitors, beam loss monitors and
synchrotron radiation monitors. For each diagnostics we report on the
performances measured...
The pulsed magnet control system at KEK electron positron injector LINAC changes the magnetic field every 20 ms to realize the simultaneous injection for four target rings, 2.5 GeV PF, 6.5 GeV PF-AR, 4 GeV SuperKEKB LER and 7 GeV SuperKEKB HER. It receives the trigger signal from the event timing system which varies for different beam modes. Then the output of a PXIe DAC board responds to the...
For X-ray spectroscopy applications it has been verified that Germanium detectors are enable to detect efficiently photons of considerable higher energy with respect to Silicon detectors. On the other hand, another advantage for cases like fluorescence detectors for absorption spectroscopy (XAFS), Germanium detectors do not show artifacts due to features like the escape peak interfering with...
For vacuum scientists and the accelerator community, it is of paramount importance to find solutions for high energy machines to mitigate : (i) pressure increases induced by the desorption of electrons, photons and ions; (ii) clouds of ions or electrons inducing beam instabilities, heat deposits on the vacuum chamber walls or stimulated molecular desorption; (iii) multipactor effect in...
LhARA, the Laser-hybrid Accelerator for Radiobiological Applications*, is a proposed facility for the study of proton and ion radiation biology. The accelerator is designed to deliver a variety of ion species over a wide range of spatial and temporal profiles at ultra-high dose rates. The facility requires that the deposited dose distribution be measured in real-time. For this purpose, an...
Using a calibrated permanent magnet spectrometer and a streak camera, a time resolved measurement is made for a multi-pulse beam. These measurements are cross calibrated with cell voltage monitors to have a reliable online energy measurement. The Dual Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test Facility (DARHT) Axis-II produces a 16 MeV, 1.65 kA electron beam. Timing on the cell voltages is changed...
Orbit feedback system (OFB) of the Taiwan Light Source (TLS) had been deployed two decade ago and upgraded to improve performance several times. The loop bandwidth was limited by existed hardware. The system cannot remove perturbation form fast source. Therefore, to improve orbit feedback performance, the system have been upgraded in 2008 [1]. It included the BPM electronics upgraded from...
For arrival-time monitors of the electro-optical synchronization system at the European XFEL, FELBE and other free-electron laser facilities, a novel concept based on rod-shaped pickups mounted on a printed circuit board is proposed. New simulation results show the huge potential for low charge applications foreseen at the European XFEL and FELBE for future operation modes. A theoretical...
Diffraction Limited Storage Rings, the 4th generation machines, provide transversely coherent beams with uniform phase, maintaining high photons flux and stability. Diagnostic systems play an essential role for both commissioning and operating tasks of Elettra 2.0. The small beam dimensions make measurements of both position and size challenging. Elettra 2.0 diagnostics will rely mainly on...
Before injection into the Karlsruhe Research Accelerator (KARA), the electron storage ring of the KIT Light Source, the beam energy is ramped up from 53 MeV to 500 MeV by a booster synchrotron. The whole booster is located in a concrete enclosure inside the storage ring and thus not accessible during operation. For the study of longitudinal beam dynamics, a cost-effective solution to leverage...
In ion beam therapy most cancer patients are treated using the raster-scanning dose delivery method of heavy ion pencil beams, with the penetration depth determined by the ion beam energy. The beams are provided by synchrotrons, which currently have to start a new cycle to change the beam energy. The number of particles available in one cycle typically exceeds the required amount for a single...
Orbit feedback system of the Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) had been delivered since 2014. As long as more and more insertion devices installed, there are various wide-band disturbance produced. To further improve orbit stability, the fast orbit feedback (FOFB) system upgrade plan had been proposed in 2019. The upgrade plan includes both power supply controller revise and feedback computation rate...
Phase space tomography is a powerful technique for characterising beams in particle accelerators and has found widespread use at many facilities. However, conventional tomography techniques require significant computational resources, particularly when reconstructing the charge distribution for two or more degrees of freedom. Here, we describe a novel technique that employs machine learning...
The low level RF system of TPS booster ring was replaced by the DLLRF in 2018. After that, the phase drift compensation loop for energy saving operation and the tuner loop were also implemented into the DLLRF system sequentially. We used altera-DE3 to build the core of DLLRF and to handle the high speed ADC/DAC procedure for RF signal sampling. As facing to the tuner control requirement, we...
The transverse beam size is a key parameter of electron bunches in the storage ring for beam quality evaluation. High-precision beam size measurement will offer better performance for accelerator monitoring and will be beneficial to study beam instabilities and optimizing machine operation. The interferometer system is a commonly used diagnostic tool for beam size measurement. High accuracy...
Reinforcement learning (RL) is a promising direction in machine learning for the control and optimisation of particle accelerators since it learns directly from experience without needing a model a-priori. However, RL generally suffers from low sample efficiency and thus training from scracth on the machine is often not an option. RL agents are usually trained or pre-tuned on simulators and...
Thyristors triggered in impact ionization mode find their dI/dt capability boosted by up to three orders of magnitude. This innovative triggering requires applying an important overvoltage on the anode-cathode of the thyristor with a slew rate > 1kV/ns. Compact pulse generators based on COTS components would allow the spread of this technology into numerous applications, including fast kicker...
One of the crucial monitoring systems of any particle accelerator is the Beam Position Monitor (BPM). The purpose of a BPM is to provide information on the position, phase and current of the beam at different points along the accelerator line.
The BPM is a subsystem of the CEA control domain for the SARAF-LINAC instrumentation and Orolia-Spain has designed, developed, manufactured and tested...
The ALPI accelerator radio frequency (RF) control system at LNL (Legnaro National Laboratories) is currently undergoing a series of upgrades which will extends its lifetime and provide enhanced performance. This is a multi-year project where the upgrades are delivered incrementally while avoiding disruptions to the accelerator schedule. The first phase includes the development of new Low...
The medium energy beam transport (MEBT) of the SPIRAL2 superconducting linac contains a single bunch selection system equipped with a 7.5 kW beam dump (SBS dump). This device, originally designed with a long plane slope to decrease the power density so that the maximum operating temperature was 170 °C, was impacted by Coulomb scattering generating two side effects: heating of the downstream...
The HZB cyclotron provides protons for eye-tumor treatment in collaboration with the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin. So far, more than 4300 patients have been treated. Parallel to therapy, there is an on-going R & D program for beam dosimetry and beam delivery. Furthermore, beam time is used for external users, e.g. the irradiation of geological samples or radiation hardness tests.
For...
The LNL accelerator complex is equipped with two stable ion beams injectors, employing respectively negative and positive ion sources. In particular, a sputtering-type negative ion source and an Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source (ECRIS) are installed on high voltage platforms, to provide the optimum injection energy in the downstream accelerators. Recently, the two injectors have been...
The Shanghai soft X-ray free electron laser facility has made significant progress in recent years with the rapid, upgraded iterations of the High Level software, including but not limited to energy matching, orbit's feedback and load, beam optimization, etc. These tools are key components in operation and experiment of free electron laser facility. Some key applications are presented in this paper.
Several machine learning (ML) projects on anomaly detection and optimization were recently started at the Advanced Photon Source (APS). To improve training data quality, and accommodate the upcoming APS Upgrade changes, a large increase in the number and size of log files is expected. Recent studies found performance bottlenecks in the current log analysis architecture, especially for large ML...
In the context of Time Sensitive Networking (TSN), the Ethernet standards are being extended with new capabilities for deterministic communication, allowing standard Ethernet to be used in new fields of application. In addition, more and more companies now offer TSN compatible devices and software tools. In accelerator control systems (ACS), which need synchronization in the range of some...
The large-acceptance Superconducting Fragment Separator (Super-FRS) at the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) at GSI Darmstadt poses peculiar challenges for its vacuum systems. Although the vacuum levels ranging from 1E-5 to 1E-7 mbar for the single-pass beamline are rather undemanding in absolute values, a combination of high level of prompt and residual radiation in the target...
Given the current availability of high-gradient accelerator technology for cost effective and compact electron LINACs in the 100-200 MeV energy range, using Very High Energy Electron (VHEE) radiotherapy (RT) for cancer treatment recently gained a lot of interest. The Ultra High Dose Rate (UHDR) or FLASH dose regime, in which cancerous cells are damaged while healthy tissues are largely spared...
For any linear accelerator, a thorough understanding of the Longitudinal Phase Space (LPS) of the beam is a great advantage. At the synchrotron light source MAX IV the two storage rings are injected with electrons using a 3 GeV linear accelerator, which also serves to provide beam for a short pulse facility (SPF). A newly commissioned Transverse Deflecting Cavity (TDC) is used to reconstruct...
The use of fast computational tools is important in the operation of X-ray free electron lasers, in order to predict the output of diagnostics when they are either destructive or unavailable. Physics-based simulations can be computationally intensive to provide estimates on a real-time basis. This proposed work explores the use of machine learning to provide operators with estimates of key...
Many complex systems require the use of different detector devices. The detectors usually acquire 1D or 2D data, but as the manufacturers differ, they all have diverse controlling interfaces. When the API and interface differ, it can become complex to control multiple different devices. The Lima library was created to overcome those obstacles. It unifies the usage of 1D and 2D detectors by...
The recent development of advanced black box optimization algorithms has promised order of magnitude improvements in optimization speed when solving accelerator physics problems. However, in practice these algorithms remain inaccessible to the general accelerator community, due to the expertise and infrastructure required to apply them towards solving optimization problems. In this work, we...
