Particle tracking serves as a computational technique for determining the mean field of dynamically tracked charged macroparticles of a particle beam within an accelerator. Conventional solver tend to neglect collisionality, resulting in loss of relevant information (particle and momentum redistribution). In this study, macro-particle collisions are incorporated into a 3D Poisson solver. In...
Powered optics magnets which could be stacked in a very dense alternating pattern could enable a higher density of focusing in beamlines, with potential use for e.g. muon beams or high-current hadron beams at low energy. Here, we investigate such a design of quadrupole, where the yoke is energised by straight conductors running parallel to the beam, and does not require conductor to pass...
The secondary beam lines in the CERN North and East Experimental Areas are heavily subscribed, with the beams requested by users spanning a huge range of momenta and particle types. With the highly dynamic nature of test beam requirements, traditional optics tools do not always provide suitable feedback for rapid beam line tuning. Presented here is a tool to provide optics solutions and beam...
The LANSCE H- Ion Source utilizes a cesium coated converter to induce H- surface conversion. To achieve an optimal cesium coating, a heated cesium reservoir and transfer tube vaporizes cesium onto the converter surface. An initial coating of cesium is done via an initial cesium transfer. During this process, the cesium heater is brought to a high initial temperature (250°C) and is slowly...
The High-Energy Physics community has established that a multi-TeV Muon Collider should be included in plans for future high energy facilities. We consider the possibility of siting the future high energy muon collider at Fermilab. Using magnet and RF system capabilities that are expected to be readily available in the near future a complete muon collider facility with up to ~10 TeV center...
There is increasing interest in developing accelerator technologies for space missions, particularly for fundamental science. In order to meet these mission needs, key accelerator technologies must be redesigned to be able to function more reliably and efficiently in a remote and harsh environment. In this work we focus on a modest electron injector system, specifically the traditional...
The ISIS-II Neutron and Muon source is the proposed next generation of, and successor to, the ISIS Neutron and Muon Source based at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the United Kingdom. Anticipated to start construction in 2031, the ISIS-II project presents a unique opportunity to incorporate environmental sustainability practices from its inception.
A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) will...
The Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR) beam position monitors (BPM) consists of four button-shaped pick-up electrodes, each individually instrumented with readout electronics that allow acquisition of turn-by-turn data. The beam position is reconstructed using the measured signal amplitude from the four electrodes. Systematic effects such as physical differences between the electrodes...
A superconducting (SC) 1.5 GHz (3rd harmonic) cavity is being developed for lengthening bunch and improving beam lifetime in the Hefei Advanced Light Facility (HALF) storage ring. This SC cavity is excited by an electron beam with 350 mA current, 1 nC charge, and ~6.7 ps length. This contribution presents optimizations on such a SC harmonic cavity in detail. It has a RF coupler to adjust the...
The simultaneous optimization of multiple objective functions is needed in many particle accelerator applications. In this paper, we report on the development of an open source parallel evolution based multi-objective optimization package that uses a variable population from generation to generation and an external storage to save good solutions. Two heuristic optimization methods, one uses...
Beam Delivery Simulation (BDSIM) is a Monte Carlo particle tracking simulation tool for modelling energy deposition in 3D models of particle accelerators. Initially conceived in 2001 to model the collimation system in the International Linear Collider (ILC), in recent years BDSIM has undergone a significant transformation across virtually its entire code base. As a result of its newer...
In 2023, a significant reconfiguration has been undertaken on the first radiographic axis AIRIX to assure its synchronization with the second LINAC of EPURE facility. On AIRIX, the high current functioning point in progress since 2016 (2.6 kA / 19.2 MeV) has been maintained. A number of experimental tests has been performed to further understand the BBU beam instability phenomenon, mainly in...
During the last years of operation of the COSY facility, significant improvements were made in beam control and diagnostics. Many systems have been upgraded from a Tcl/Tk based control system to EPICS. One of the advantages of EPICS is the coherent communication via Process Variables (PVs). This allowed us not only to control the synchrotron and its injection beam line (IBL) through GUIs but...
Achieving the low emittances required for a muon collider requires ionization cooling. Much of that cooling occurs in compact cooling cells where superconducting coils and conventional RF cavities are closely interleaved [1]. The MICE experiment demonstrated the ionization cooling principle [2]. The real challenges for these cooling cells reside in their engineering challenges: high field...
Semiconductor photocathodes are key for the fast development of electron accelerators with high current electron beams and photon detectors, to fulfill these requirements one looks for photocathodes that should have merits like high QE, low thermal emittance, long lifetime,etc. Compared to the traditional sequential deposition, the co-evaporation method is reported to yield better surface...
Maintaining beam-accelerating structure RF phasing of a linac is crucial for maintaining optimal beam transport performance. At the Advanced Photon Soure (APS), in 2008 we implemented an analog phase detector system using the Analog Devices AD8302 phase detector chip. The APS phase detectors use as an S-Band RF phase reference an out-coupled signal from the waveguide supplying the accelerating...
MeV ultrafast electron diffraction has become a new frontier for the study of molecular dynamics. With the temporal resolution of MeV-UED being limited by the electron bunch length at the target, electron sources used for this technique are becoming ever more intricate in the the push for shorter bunches length. However, moving to these complex setups makes them less feasible in a small-scale...
Currently, radiofrequency (RF) power to the Argonne Advanced Photon Source (APS) storage ring and Booster cavities is provided by several klystrons. APS is in the process of replacing the storage ring klystrons with clusters of 160 kW solid state amplifier (SSA) gradually. It is required to keep most of the existing equipment racks, klystrons and cable trays for smooth operation and transition...
To realize very precise measurement of the muon spin precession frequency in the level of sub-ppm, a muon beam is injected into a precisely adjusted storage magnet of sub-ppm uniformity via “Three-dimensional spiral beam injection scheme [1]” at J-PARC muon g-2/EDM experiment. This injection scheme requires a strongly X-Y coupled beam which is applied by eight rotating quadrupoles on the 10m...
The Korean 4GSR project is currently under construction in Ochang, South Korea, with the aim of first beam commissioning in 2027. Designed to achieve an emittance approximately 100 times smaller than that of third-generation synchrotron radiation storage rings, the project requires the development of several high-precision beam diagnostic devices. In particular, the beam position monitor is...
We are developing a compact synchrotron light source using laser electron acceleration, focusing on creating a tabletop accelerator-based radiation system. Our approach involves a small ring-type dipole with block-shaped permanent magnets, prioritizing cost and weight reduction. Simple beam dynamic calculations revealed that a smaller electron beam divergence angle results in a more stable...
The storage ring from the SLS is currently in the process of a significant upgrade to a new multi-bend achromat that aims to improve the performance of the machine by allowing it to deliver even brighter beams to the beamlines. The linear accelerator of the SLS is an ageing piece of infrastructure that needs to continue to run for the few decades to continue to feed SLS 2.0 reliably. In this...
Advanced Photon Source Upgrade (APS-U) storage ring, currently in installation and testing, is set for beam commissioning in early 2024. In the APS-U storage ring, there are 560 Beam Position Monitor (BPM) pickups, each equipped with high resolution electronics. This paper presents outcomes from pre-beam testing and beam commissioning of the APS-U BPM system. We discuss tailored features for...
A beam position monitor based on Cherenkov diffraction radiation (ChDR) is being investigated as a way to disentangle the signals generated by the electromagnetic fields of a short-pulse electron bunch from a long proton bunch co-propagating in the AWAKE plasma acceleration experiment at CERN. These ChDR BPMs have undergone renewed testing under a variety of beam conditions with proton and...
Beam tomography is a method to reconstruct the higher dimensional beam from its lower dimensional projections. Previous methods to reconstruct the beam required large computer memory for high resolution; others needed differential simulations, and others did not consider beam elements' coupling. This work develops a 4D reconstruction using Markov Chain Monte Carlo.
The determination of equilibrium emittance stands as a critical factor in optimizing the luminosity of the Future Circular Collider (FCC). In order to have accurate simulations and understanding of the emittance, multiple effects have to be taken into consideration including errors in the machine, solenoid effects, synchrotron radiation and beam-beam effects. The novel X-Suite software aims to...
Bmad-Julia is a new, open-source software project for modern accelerator simulations with an emphasis on Machine Learning. As compared to existing accelerator codes, reverse differentiability, e.g. for the optimization of neural networks, will be embedded. Multiple standalone Julia packages are being developed that provide fundamental tools and methods commonly needed in accelerator...
Most particle accelerators utilize beams with a charge density concentrated in the center of the bunch in real 3-dimensional space and the 6-dimensional phase space. In this work, by enhancing the space-charge forces in the photo-cathode injector of the Compact Linear Electron Accelerator for Research (CLEAR) at CERN, we produce electron bunches with a “bubble-like” shape, with a charge...
The linear acceleration part of the SHINE project consists of two 3rd harmonic cryogenic modules which are operating at 3.9 GHz. Each of the cryomodules consists of eight 3.9 GHz 9-cell superconducting cavities. The SHINE specifications of the 3.9 GHz cavities are Qo >2.0e+9@13.1 MV/m and maximum accelerating gradient >15 MV/m. The 3.9 GHz cavities were treated with buffered chemical polishing...
The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab will search for neutrinoless muon-to-electron conversion in the nuclear field using an Al target to stop μ¯. Muons are produced by a resonantly extracted 8 GeV proton beam from the Fermilab delivery ring. The experimental signature of μ¯→e¯ conversion on Al is mono-energetic conversion electrons with 104.97 MeV energy*. Rejection of one of the most important...
The SC Linac of SHINE (Shanghai HIgh repetition rate XFEL aNd Extreme light facility) comprises 79 cryomodules housing 609 1.3 GHz TESLA type superconducting cavities (SCCs), and 16 3.9 GHz SCCs. These SCCs and cryomodules should be tested in ATH (cryomodule Assembly and Test Hall) at SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) campus. Four VTFs (SCC Vertical Test Facility) and four HTFs...
CERN is pursuing several initiatives to reduce its impact on the environment through an integrated approach to address all the objectives set by the relevant United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). In particular CERN is committed to respect the net-zero paradigm for future machines and has established a Sustainable Accelerators Panel to harmonize the approach to sustainability...
We developed a 6D multi-particle tracking program CETASim in C++ programming language to simulate intensity-dependent effects in electron storage rings. The program can simulate the collective effects due to short-range and long-range wakefields for single and coupled-bunch instability studies. It also features to simulate the ion interactions with the trains of electron bunches, including...
We performed an optimisation study of a C-band photoinjector for high-charge electron beams. Such a device is capable of producing high brightness electron beams, with low energy spread and small transverse emittance, which are properties required by Inverse Compton Scattering radiation sources and compact light sources in general. This work aimed to carry out, via numerical simulations,...
At the Karlsruhe Research Accelerator (KARA) facility, an electron beam is generated by a thermionic electron gun, pre-accelerated to 53 MeV by a microtron and then ramped up to 500 MeV in a booster synchrotron before being injected into the storage ring, where a final electron energy of 2.5 GeV is reached. Compared to a 2D camera, when using 1D photodetectors either directly at the...
CLARA is a 250 MeV electron facility at Daresbury Laboratory, which will provide short bunches between 1 and 250 pC for a variety of experiments, including novel acceleration experiments. As part of the Phase 2 upgrade new charge measurement systems have been installed. This paper presents the charge measurement systems that will be used on CLARA, as well as commissioning results without beam...
The storage ring of the SOLEIL II project will be based on a low-emittance multi-bend achromat 7BA-4BA lattice resulting in very compact lattice (1500 magnets for a 354 m long ring), very high quadrupole gradient (120 T/m), strong sextupole (8000 T/m2), and moderate octupole (50 000 T/m3) with a beam circulating in a tiny vacuum chamber of 12 mm diameter. The project makes extensive use of...
In Mithra Laboratory at UCLA, we are commissioning an S-band Hybrid gun which has a photocathode RF gun and a traveling-wave velocity buncher section contained in one integrated structure. To analyze its performance, we have measured the beam energy at various launch phases and the cavity temperatures. The beam charge was observed up to 200 pC, and emittance and bunch length measurements are...
A Compact Transverse Deflecting System (Compact-TDS) designed for longitudinal electron bunch diagnostics in the femtosecond regime is presently undergoing commissioning at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). This technique, based on THz streaking with a Split-Ring Resonator (SRR), demands a high level of electron beam controllability and stability at the micrometer scale. To meet...
Hefei advanced light facility (HALF) is a fourth-generation light source under building. The lattice contains 20 super-periods with modified hybrid 6-bend achromat (MH6BA). The circumference is 479.86 m, and the natural emittance is 85.8 pm·rad at 2.2 GeV. In reality, the real storage ring is different from the ideal lattice due to different kinds of errors. The errors come from many sources,...
As part of the Snowmass'21 planning exercise, the Advanced Accelerator Concepts community proposed developing multi-TeV linear colliders and considered beam-beam effects for these machines [1]. Such colliders operate under a high disruption regime with an enormous number of electron-positron pairs produced from QED effects. Thus, it requires a self-consistent treatment of the fields produced...
Most superconducting thin films found on SRF cavity are generally produced through magnetron sputtering using niobium (Nb) as target. Yet, this technique can still be improved as the resulting film lack in efficiency. Alternative materials such as NbTiN could potentially be used with significant improvement compared to pure Nb films. Here, we report the use of both high-power impulse magnetron...
A significant project such as the FCC-ee (with 91.17 km of circumference) entails numerous challenges to ensure the stability and performance of the machine. In pursuit of contributing to the improvement of energy consumption during its operation, the exploration of Combined Function Magnets as a means to reduce synchrotron radiation has been undertaken. This paper focuses on studying the...
Ultrafast electron diffraction and microscopy (UED/UEM) has advanced beyond proof-of-concept stage into the realm of instrumentation. To date, most UED/UEMs have been constructed around high-gradient RF-driven electron guns designed as X-FEL beam sources.
A UED/UEM system driven by a CW beam, either normal- or superconducting, offers several potential performance benefits over high-gradient...
The cooling section of the Muon Collider requires a number of solenoidal coils of various diameters (0.05-2 m) and fields (2-60 T). An unusual feature of the cooling section is that the RF cavities operates under the large magnetic fields and field gradients generated by the focusing elements. Here we present the design of a test facility based on split coils, wound with HTS, to study the...
20 T dipole magnets are being considered for the next generation of particle accelerators. The nominal operation field of 20 T is above the practical limit of Nb3Sn accelerator magnets and, thus, it requires using superconductors with higher critical parameters such as High Temperature Superconductors (HTS). The high cost of HTS and the more complicated technology of HTS coils makes attractive...
The Muon Cooling Complex (MCC) is a prospective facility to develop technology essential for ionization cooling for a future high-energy Muon Collider at CERN. This cooling technique necessitates the utilization of normal conducting, RF accelerating cavities operating within a multi-Tesla magnetic field.
This study illustrates the conceptual RF design of a 704 MHz cavity equipped with...
We study the effects of high voltage DC bias on the fundamental power couplers of the ESS elliptical SRF cavities. These tests were carried out at the TS2 facility, where cryomodule acceptance and characterization tests are carried out. We present the observed effects of positive and negative bias field on multipacting in the RF couplers, as well as the implications for operation in the ESS linac.
The Inverse Compton Scattering Interaction Point (ICS-IP) vacuum chamber provides a UHV environment where the electron and IR laser beams are overlapped in space and time to generate hard X-rays between 4 and 20 keV. The chamber has over two dozen motorized stages that position YAG screens with ~10 nm precision utilizing the EPICS framework for instrumentation interface. Using agile...
DAFNE, the Frascati F-factory the collider where the Crab-Waist collision scheme has been implemented and successfully tested, is presently working for a physics program in the field of exotic atoms. The present scientific program foresees the study and the characterization of the never observed before kaonic deuterium. Providing a suitable data sample for such measurement requires the...
In addition to the desired electron beam, RF photoinjectors such as the one in LCLS-II produce dark current via field emission. Left unchecked, the dark current can cause various operational issues in the accelerator, such as increased radiation, damage to accelerator components and diagnostics, and desorption of gases from vacuum chamber surfaces. In this contribution, we present measurements...
NSRRC THz facility provides MW-level superradiant radiation with wavelengths ranging from 100–500 μm from a U100 planar undulator. An S-band laser-driven photocathode radio-frequency (RF) gun has been used in its 25 MeV linac system to generate a sub-picosecond high brightness relativistic electron beam for coherent emission of undulator radiation. However, the high accelerating field in the...
To generate the very high brightness beams in light sources, injectors based on radiofrequency photo-guns with very high peak electric fields on the cathode are used. However, this very high surface electric field on the surface of a radio frequency cavity leads to the generation of dark current due to the field emission effect which can damage the instrumentation and radio-activate...
Profile Monitor (PR) is used to observe and measure the beam profile in the Linac and transport line of the High Energy Phone Source (HEPS). To obtain more precise results, we implemented several widely used fitting algorithms in the framework Pyapas. We carried out detailed testing and comparison of these fitting methods based on simulated results and actual measurement data, respectively,...
The research and development (R&D) of the polarized electron source for the EIC has made significant progress this year. We achieved an 11 nC bunch charge of the polarized electron beam. One challenge we faced was the surface charge limit of the Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) GaAs/GaAsP Super Lattice (SL) photocathode. We suppressed this effect by optimizing the surface doping and heating...
The performance of superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) cavities is critical to enabling the next generation of efficient, high-energy particle accelerators. Recent developments have focused on altering the surface impurity profile through in-situ baking, furnace baking, and doping to introduce and diffuse beneficial impurities such as nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon. However, the precise role...
We present a demonstration of time-resolved diagnostics within the Coherent Electron Cooling (CeC) Pop Experiment. This technique utilizes a combination of a focusing lattice, transverse deflecting cavity, and YAG screen, along with unique analytical techniques, to precisely measure and analyze the longitudinal profile information of the CeC electron beams. Additionally, our measurement of...
The Accelerator Operations and Technology division at Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) is working on designing and implementing an Instrumentation and Controls System (ICS) for the Cathodes and Radio-frequency Interactions in Extremes (CARIE) project. The system will utilize open-source Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS) developed for scientific facilities for...
Alkali antimonide epitaxy and the demonstration of very high quantum efficiencies (QEs) from ultrathin films has been an exciting development of the last few years. With goals of superb film uniformity, physical/chemical roughness, and control of stoichiometry and defect densities, comes an increased emphasis on highly capable growth systems. We report on the design and performance of a new...
In this paper, we present the design of a multipurpose 3-cell deflecting RF cavity for a compact terahertz (THz) free electron laser (FEL) facility. The 3-cell deflecting RF cavity is mainly used for longitudinal bunch length measurement and a chopper system to cut off the bunch tail caused by the thermionic gun. Single-cell cavities suffer from orbit offset, while a 3-cell cavity is possible...
We have presented a novel design of a constant-gradient backward-wave accelerating structure. This structure employs a tapered group velocity, enhancing the efficiency of the accelerating structure. This accelerating tube will be integrated into the system of high-power irradiation accelerators. The paper provides a detailed overview of the design process and parameters involved.
The compact accelerator assumes a pivotal role within the medical domain, necessitating higher frequencies to attain smaller size. Presently, the most condensed medical accelerators predominantly operate in the X-band, with dimensions typically akin to platform sizes. To achieve further refinement in accelerator system design compactness, elevated operating frequencies become imperative. We...
Synchrotron radiation (SR) is a phenomena found in most accelerator facilities. Whilst many look to reduce the amount of SR produced to minimize beam losses, its existence allows for several types of novel non-invasive beam instrumentation. The aim of this study is to use SR in the development of a non-invasive, high resolution, longitudinal bunch length monitor. The monitor will be capable of...
LhARA, the Laser-hybrid Accelerator for Radiobiological Applications, is a proposed facility for the study of radiation biology. The accelerator will deliver ions at ultra-high dose rates and requires real-time measurement of the dose distribution. We have developed an ion-acoustic dose mapping system that exploits the acoustic waves generated by the beam’s energy deposition. A proposed...
In a typical storage ring, the beam quality, especially the energy spread, is always relatively large for the radiation of free electron lasers.To mitigate the relatively high energy spread in the storage ring and generate FEL radiation with superior performance, we have proposed an isochronous achromat using transverse gradient undulators. In this paper, we will give a detailed theoretical...
Designing cryogenic BPM pick-ups for the Hadron Storage Ring (HSR) of the Electron-Ion Collider is challenging due to the need for reliable beam position measurements across diverse beam species, operating modes, and with various energies. The existing RHIC BPM stripline pick-ups are incompatible with the planned EIC HSR beam parameters, as it will have a 10-times shorter bunch length (6 cm...
In this paper, we presented the design of an L-band photocathode RF gun for the particle-driven wakefield accelerator proof-of-principle project at IHEP. The gun is a critical component, tasked with generating both the driving beam and potentially the witness beam. It is specifically engineered to deliver a beam with a bunch charge of 5 nC. Key aspects of the design, including RF optimization...
The Muon Collider aims to produce collision of μ- and μ+ beams at a center-of-mass energy of 10 TeV by using various stages of acceleration and cooling. In order to bring the muon beams to the relevant energy before injection into the collider ring, both μ- and μ+ beams are proposed to be accelerated on same beamline by a series of fast acceleration stages including Recirculating Linac...
The SHINE project requires more than 600 cavities for the superconducting Linac. These cavities are fabricated from both domestic and foreign companies. The cavities fabricated in domestic companies requires corresponding capacity of surface-treatment. In order to guarantee the production capacity, we are constructing a new surface-treatment platform near Shanghai for SHINE project. In this...
The electron storage ring (ESR) in the Electron Ion Collider (EIC) requires a challenging 591 MHz fundamental 17-cavity RF system to provide up to 10 MW CW power to the beam with up to 2.5 A beam current and a wide range of voltage. In this paper, we will report the latest RF and mechanical design status, as well as the prototyping and testing results.
Coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) effects in linear accelerators, such as projected emittance growth and microbunching, have been well studied. However, traditional measurement techniques lack the precision to fully comprehend the intricate multi-dimensional aspects of CSR, particularly the varying rotation of transverse phase space slices along the longitudinal coordinate of the bunch....
Minimising the energy spread within the electron bunch is essential for optimal performance of free electron lasers. Wakefields from corrugated and dielectric structures have been demonstrated to be effective in bunch dechirping. However, the repercussions in beam quality are not yet well understood. Here, a dielectric wakefield structure, manufactured to be included at the CLARA facility, has...
An innovative particle tracking code is in development using the Julia programming language, utilizing the power of auto-differentiation (AD). With the aid of specifically designed truncated power series algebra (TPSA) methods and built-in Julia AD packages, this code enables automatic calculation of derivatives with respect to selected parameters of interest. This tracking code provides a...
A 217 MHz VHF gun operating in CW mode is being developed at Tsinghua University, which will be served as the beam source of the high repetition XFEL facilities and high repetition MeV UED. The cavity profile has been optimized to minimize input power, peak surface electric field, peak wall power density, and multipacting. The fabrication of the gun has been completed, and the frequency and...
The Shanghai high repetition rate XFEL and extreme light facility (SHINE) under construction is designed as one of the most advanced FEL facilities in the world, which will produce coherent x-rays with wavelengths from 0.05 to 3 nm and maximum repetition rate of 1 MHz. To achieve precise beam trajectory measurement and stable alignment of the electron and photo beams in the undulator, the...
The stress-managed cos-theta (SMCT) coil is a new concept which was proposed and is being developed at Fermilab in the framework of US Magnet Development Program (US-MDP) for high-field and/or large-aperture accelerator magnets based on low-temperature and high-temperature superconductors. A 120-mm aperture two-layer Nb3Sn SMCT dipole coil has been developed at Fermilab to demonstrate and test...
This paper describes the magnetic and mechanical design, and the main parameters of a small-aperture two-layer dipole coil made of REBCO twisted stacked-tape cable. The coil has 36-mm diameter aperture and 59-mm outer diameter. The coil turns are wound into groves in a special structure that ensures the appropriate turn location and control the level of strain and stress in the brittle REBCO...
A new electron gun is currently being designed for the S-band Linac injector for ELSA. The objective of this development is to realize a new single bunch injection mode in addition to the standard long pulse (multi bunch) mode along with an improvement of the current beam parameters (e.g. emission current & transverse emittance) achieved by the existing gun. A dual mode design is being...
In order to study the radio-frequency performance of superconducting materials at cryogenic temperature, we developed a TE-mode 3.9 GHz sample host cavity with a spherical bottom shape. A 11.5 cm diameter flat sample plate is enabled to attach to the cavity, with 9 cm diameter central area exposed to the RF field. In this paper, the design, fabrication and vertical test results of the sample...
The r-process fission cycle terminates the synthesis of heavy elements in binary neutron-star mergers. Fission processes of transuranium nuclides will be studied in electrofission reactions at the thrice-recirculating electron accelerator S-DALINAC*. Due to the minuscule fissile target, the experimental setup requires an active beam-stabilization system with high accuracy and a beam position...
Negative Electron Affinity (NEA) activated GaAs photocathodes are the only one capable of generating spin-polarized electron beam larger than 90%. However, the NEA layer currently made from mainstream cesium (Cs) and oxygen (O) is chemically unstable, the NEA-GaAs photocathode has a rapid QE degradation over time or electron beam. As a result, it requires an operating vacuum pressure of 1e-9...
Radiotherapy is an effective, non-invasive, widely used treatment for cancerous tumors that uses x-ray photon, electron and ion beam sources. The Laser-hybrid Accelerator for Radiobiological Applications (LhARA) is a proposed novel laser-driven accelerator system under development that aims to deliver a multi-ion Particle Beam Therapy (PBT) technique. This study aims to develop a novel...
Several groups have demonstrated that plasma processing can help to mitigate degradation of the performance of superconducting radio-frequency cavities. Plasma processing provides an alternative to removal of cryomodules from the accelerator for refurbishment. Studies of plasma processing for quarter-wave resonators (QWRs) and half-wave resonators (HWRs) are underway at FRIB, where a total of...
Photocathodes capable of producing spin polarized electrons beams are required for both high energy and nuclear physics experiments. In this work, we describe in detail the commissioning of a new apparatus for photocathode characterization which includes a retarding field Mott polarimeter for the measure of photoelectron spin polarization. We will illustrate the design of superlattice...
Niobium Superconducting RF (SRF) cavities have a theoretical peak magnetic field which limits the accelerating field to 50-60 MV/m. Presently, all SRF cavities operate in a Standing Wave (SW) resonance field in which particles experience an accelerating force alternating from zero to peak. In contrast, a resonance field in Traveling Wave (TW) mode propagates along with a structure, so...
An international collaboration between PSI and INFN-LNF has been undertaken with the aim of developing the next generation of high brightness electron sources. Through this collaboration, two unique high gradient RF photoguns that operate in the C-band frequency regime have been designed and realized. Concurrent to this, a new high power test stand at the Paul Scherrer Institut has been...
ISIS-II is UK's proposed next-generation pulsed, spallation neutron source, and is expected to be driven by a MW-class proton accelerator. A Fixed Field Alternating gradient (FFA) machine is one accelerator configuration being considered. A demonstrator machine, called FETS-FFA, is now being actively developed. Beam Loss Monitors (BLMs) for this demonstrator are presented with the unique...
A surface treatment device has been established at the Wuxi Platform, enabling chemical polishing treatment on coupon samples. Currently, several samples treated with buffered chemical polishing (BCP) have been utilized in the investigation of nitrogen doping and medium-temperature baking mechanisms. This paper presents the development process of this device along with the experimental...
A digital direct RF feedback (DDRF) has been implemented in the DLLRF of the ALBA synchrotron light source in order to mitigate the beam loading effects of the beam. Specifically, with the DDRF implemented in the main cavities, the tune shift due to beam loading can be minimized and therefore the DC-Robinson instability can be mitigated. It can also be used to minimize voltage drops in case of...
In recent years, materials irradiation processing experiments have gained significant attention due to their critical role in science and various industries, including life science, material science and electronics. Efficient and accurate dose distribution determination is essential to optimize the irradiation process. This research explores the integration of glass plate irradiation and...
Cesium antimonide (Cs3Sb) photocathodes are prime candidates to replace the metallic ones currently used to generate high brightness electron beam in X-ray free electron laser and X-ray energy-recovery linacs. Their appeal stems from their outstanding photo-emissive properties, such as low work function, that give them a high quantum yield. Whereas typical computational analyses of these...
Multi-wire beam profile monitoring (MWPM) system is foreseen upstream of the spallation target to make in situ calibration of beam current density configuration on the target along with beam imaging from luminescent coating on the beam entrance window at the Second Target Station (STS) of the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). This beam interception-based...
A far-field electro-optical (EO) setup based on a balanced detection scheme has been set up to measure the coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) at the Karlsruhe Research Accelerator (KARA). To enable the readout with a spectrally decoded scheme (EOSD), a KALYPSO based line array camera sensitive to NIR operating at a readout rate of 2.7 MHz has been included in the set-up. In this...
The ALS Upgrade Project (ALS-U) consists in the replacement of the existing ALS storage ring and the addition of a new accumulator ring in order to decrease the horizontal beam emittance to about 70 pm·rad, resulting in an increase of two orders of magnitude in the soft X-Ray brightness. The vacuum chambers of two new rings, and of the transfer lines connecting them, will include 327 new beam...
DAΦNE is a a medium energy electron-positron collider operating in the National Laboratory of INFN at Frascati, Italy. The accelerator complex consists of two rings with an approximate circumference of 97 m. High-intensity electron and positron beams circulate and collide with the center of mass energy of around 1.02 GeV. The FCCee is an ongoing lepton collider project and its current injector...
As part of Fermilab's Proton Improvement Plan-II (PIP-II), the Fermilab Booster synchrotron will operate at a higher intensity, increasing from 4.5×1012 to 6.7×1012 protons per pulse. A potential challenge for achieving high-intensity performance arises from rapid transverse instabilities induced by electron clouds (EC). This research presents electron cloud simulations using PyECLOUD, which...
The FCC-e+e- project foresees the realization of the most intense ever realized source of positrons providing a bunch charge of the order of 5 nC. This big number of positrons (≈3.12e+10) is produced by pair conversion following a 6 GeV electron beam bremsstrahlung on a target, and as a consequence has large divergence and energy spread. The actual design of the positron injector includes a...
A comprehensive model accurately depicts and tracks emittance and luminosity evolution in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), considering known effects like IBS, synchrotron radiation damping, coupling and incorporating data-driven factors on emittance growth and intensity losses. Used extensively in LHC Run 2, the model is updated for compatibility with new optics and operational schemes in Run...
Intense relativistic electron beams such as those produced by the DARHT accelerators, consist of large total currents of 1.6-2 kA at modest energies in the range of 16-20 MeV. Beam envelope codes are generally used to predict the evolution of the first moment of the radial distribution (i.e. beam 2-RMS radius) assuming a constant emittance. Upon passing through a thin metal foil, such as may...
Photocathodes play an integral role in the development of electron accelerators and photon detectors. The emitted beam brightness can be limited by the surface and bulk disorder of the polycrystalline photocathode material. Epitaxial growth of photocathodes has the potential to overcome this problem and achieve high brightness electron beam. This work demonstrates the epitaxial growth of...
The ESS Linac on-going installation and technical commissioning are progressing towards the first operation at 870 MeV on the beam dump in fall 2024. Four out of five DTL tanks were commissioned with beam in the normal conducting section (NCL) and a pilot installation of 1 spoke and 1 elliptical cryomodule was conducted in the superconducting (SCL) part of the ESS tunnel in spring 2023....
The WS superconducting systems are based on scintillator detectors and wavelength shifting fibers are mounted on the beam pipe. The detectors are coupled to long haul optical fibers, which carry the signals to custom front end electronics sitting in controls racks at the surface. The acquisition chain have been characterized at IHEP (Protvino), CERN PSB, COSY Juelich and SNS before...
We present results of experimental demonstration of Plasma Cascade Amplifier with 10 THz bandwidth of Coherent electron Cooling experiment at BNL. We present results our simulation, experimental set-up and analysis of our measurements.
Schottky monitors are valuable non-invasive tools used for beam diagnostics, providing insights into crucial bunch characteristics such as tune, chromaticity, bunch profile, or synchrotron frequency distribution. This study investigates Schottky spectra at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) through a combination of simulations and measurements. Experimental data from lead ion bunches are compared...
Coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) is one critical beam collective effect in high-energy accelerators, which impedes the generation of high-brightness beams. The Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA) facility is unique in the experimental investigation of CSR effects in complex beams, offering a large parameter space for the bunch charge and size, various bunch profiles (round and flat beams),...
The mechanisms that drive short-range modulations in the longitudinal phase space of accelerated electron bunches, otherwise known as the microbunching instability, have undergone intensive study. The various collective interactions between charged particles within the bunch, and their environment, can degrade the quality of these bunches, eventually making them unsuitable to drive light...
A non-invasive gas jet in-vivo dosimeter for medical treatment facilities is being developed at the Cockcroft Institute, (UK) to provide full online (real time) monitoring with less frequent calibration. The monitor functions via a thin, low-density, gas jet curtain, intersecting with the beam. Online monitoring is crucial for hadron beams where acceptable dose tolerances are narrow, hence the...
It is desirable to decrease the dimensions and power loss of accelerator components as much as possible when using accelerated charged particle beams on a rocket or satellite for ionospheric and magnetospheric research applications. We present the experimental results of a radiofrequency (RF) pillbox cavity loaded with a low-loss, high-permittivity ceramic placed concentrically within the...
Hefei Advanced Light Facility (HALF) injector comprises 40 S-band 3-meter traveling wave accelerating structures, capable of delivering electrons of full energy 2.2 GeV into the storage ring. To mitigate the emission degradation caused by dipole and quadrupole fields in the coupler cavity, the coupler design incorporates a racetrack and a short-circuit waveguide to eliminate this impact. This...
Ultrafast high repetition-rate laser systems are essential to modern scientific and industrial applications. Variations in critical figures of merit, such as focal position, can significantly impact efficacy for applications involving laser plasma interactions, such as electron beam acceleration and radiation generation. We present a diagnostic and correction scheme for controlling and...
The measurement of beam emittances by extracting the quadrupole mode signal from a 4 plate BPM was published at least 40 years ago. Unfortunately, in practice, this method suffers from poor signal to noise ratio and requires a lot of tuning to extract out the emittances. In this paper, an improved method where multiple BPMs are used together with better mathematical analysis is described. The...
In a world’s first, CERN recently tested Euclid’s prototype ferroelectric tuner with a superconducting cavity, and successfully demonstrated its microphonics compensation*. This Ferroelectric Reactive Tuner (FRT) stands out as the swiftest RF cavity tuner utilizing a ferroelectric ceramic tuning element, boasting an impressive response time below 100 ns. The implications of this advancement...
The occurrence of breakdown events are a primary limiting factor for future accelerator applications aiming to operate under high field-gradient environments. Experimental evidence often leads to a hypothesis that breakdown events are associated with temperature and dark current spikes on the surface of RF devices. In the past decade, there has been increased interest in unveiling the...
ESS elliptical cryomodules, CEA-INFN-STFC in-kind contribution, undergo site acceptance test at ESS Lund Test Stand (TS2). Here the Field Emission operation experience, modules performances statistics and limiting mechanism, diagnostics equipment and analysis tool are described. High energy field emission and dose rate operational challenges and long-term superconducting LINAC operational...
Cryogenic Current Comparators (CCC) are ultrasensitive DC-Beam Transformers based on superconducting SQUID technology. With the aim to provide a robust and high resolution intensity measurement for application at FAIR and CERN machines, numerous steps of optimization were carried out over the last years by a collaboration of institutes specialized on the various subtopics. Different types of...
SRF photoguns become a promising candidate to produce highly stable electrons for UEM/UED applications because of the ultrahigh shot-to-shot stability compared to room temperature RF photoguns. SRF technology was prohibitively expensive for industrial use until two recent advancements: Nb3Sn and conduction cooling. SRF gun can provide a CW operation capability while consuming only 2W of RF...
The Future Circular Electron-Positron Collider (FCC-ee) represents a cutting-edge particle physics facility designed to further investigate the Z0, W± and Higgs boson in addition to the top quark. The implementation of Combined Function Magnets (CFMs) in the FCC-ee arc cells would maintain high luminosity and reduce its energy consumption. The use of these special magnets induces changes in...
Development towards the FCC-ee "Z" machine requires optimization of sub-GHz elliptical cavities for high-gradient and high-Q operation, both in pulsed and CW mode, for application in the booster and collider portions. Previous development work validated the proposed 800 MHz 5-cell elliptical RF design, showing reasonable performance after EP treatment. However, the stringent high-Q (3.8e+10)...
In times of climate change and with increasing challenges of the power grid stability due to unstable renewable energy sources, it is not sufficient to know the electric energy consumption of accelerator facilities. In order to optimize the operation of the research infrastructure in terms of stability, reliability and sustainability, the knowledge of the dynamics of energy consumers, and...
The International Muon Collider Collaboration (IMCC) is in charge of assessing the performance and feasibility of an underground circular accelerator colliding TeV-scale muons. During the operation of a muon collider, the decay of circulating muons produces a narrow disk of high-energy neutrinos emitted radially in the collider plane and emerging on the Earth’s surface at several km. The goal...
GaAs cathodes are unique devices which generate a spin-polarized electron beam by the photoelectric effect when illuminated with a circularly polarized laser. Thin-film Negative Electron Affinity (NEA) surfaces have an essential role in spin polarized beam production, but they have limited lifetimes. In this study, we activate GaAs as an NEA cathode by evaporating Cs, K, and Sb metal on its...
The Shanghai Laser Electron Gamma Source (SLEGS) is one of the beamlines of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, which dedicate to producing gamma beams in the slant-scattering for the first time. After produced in the interaction area, gamma rays pass through a carefully designed Gamma Modulation System (GMS), which consists of a double collimator system, attenuator system, and...
Achieving non-invasive in-vivo dosimetry is a critical objective in the field of ion beam therapy. The comprehensive real-time characterization of the ion beam is highly desirable to ensure the safety of patients, treatment precision, and the efficiency of the treatment facility. However, current methods have limitations in terms of the information they provide and can be invasive to the beam....
A non-invasive bidirectional beam profile monitor using beam-induced fluorescence upon a thin sheet of gas has been developed at the Cockcroft Institute in collaboration with CERN and GSI. This device is particularly suited to the Electron Beam Test Stand, and as such, a bespoke gas injection has been optimized for this specific use-case to provide diagnostics unavailable to conventional...
The gas sheet ionization based diagnostic is a minimally invasive profile monitor for electron beams. In the ionization based monitor, the electron beam ionizes a neutral gas that is spatially tailored. The newly ionized particles form a footprint of the electron beam, and are imaged using an array of electrostatic lenses. The gas sheet diagnostic was conceptually tested using a 7 MeV electron...
The PIP-II accelerator upgrade at Fermilab represents a groundbreaking leap forward in high-energy physics research. This ambitious initiative involves enhancing Fermilab's accelerator complex by replacing the current linear accelerator with a warm front end (WFE) capable of accelerating H- beams up to 2.1 MeV. Subsequently, a superconducting linac further accelerates these beams up to 800...
Modern accelerator facilities consistently require electron beams with improved characteristics such as shorter bunch lengths and higher brightness. To meet this demand, this study proposes a 2.4-cell photocathode electron gun, aiming to enhance the extraction electric field gradient on the cathode to produce high-quality beams. By effectively increasing this gradient, space charge effects in...
A local H- /p source is operated at the CERN Extra Low Energy Antiproton (ELENA) decelerator for commissioning the ring and subsequent electrostatic transfer lines toward the experiments. For proper optics characterization, it is important to have a detailed knowledge of the H- beam parameters at the source. Phase space tomography techniques were applied to reconstruct the beam distribution...
The Strong Hadron Cooling (SHC) for electron ion collider project requires a state of the art high brightness DC electron gun. The gun is required to deliver high average current (100 mA), 1 mm∙mrad normalized transverse emittance and 1-2.5 nC bunch charge. In this paper, we describe the high voltage design of a DC gun with an operating voltage of 550 KV, conditioned up to 600 KV. The gun...
High brightness electron source is a key component for accelerator based scientific instruments. The beam brightness can be further improved with the combination of high electric field and low thermal emittance cathode. We develop an ultrahigh vacuum S-band electron gun to accommodate advanced semiconductor photocathodes, which are easily degraded in poor vacuum condition. The high power test...
The prototype fundamental power coupler (FPC) and superconducting spoke cavity for the China Spallation Neutron Source upgrade project (CSNS-Ⅱ) were manufactured before January 2023. To validate functionality, the FPC must undergo high power conditioning process prior to its assembly with the cavity. However, the high power conditioning process is quite complicated, it involves aspects like...
Linacs are an integral part of high-gradient accelerating structures for X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) facilities. For high energy (42+ keV) x-rays, this translates into a longer linac (linear accelerator), which in turn translates into increased cost due to the larger footprint. One such case is the DMMSC (Dynamic Mesoscale Material Science Capability) at Los Alamos National Laboratory....
The AGS-RHIC injector complex includes H- ion sources at 35 keV, 750 keV RFQ and 200 MeV Linac. This report will focus on the recent upgrade of the 35 KeV Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) with three sources: two high-intensity magnetron H- sources and an Optically Pumped Polarized Ion Source (OPPIS) polarized H- source. There were still significant beam intensity losses in the 8 m long OPPIS...
Efficient operation of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) relies on accurate longitudinal beam measurements to diagnose beam instabilities and verify the correctness of bunch-shaping techniques. To achieve this goal, a diagnostic system was developed to perform high-resolution measurements of longitudinal bunch profiles. High-performance oscilloscopes, synchronized to precise accelerator events,...
Two types of crab cavities, one at 197 MHz and the other at 394 MHz, are designed to compensate the loss of luminosity due to a 25 mrad crossing angle at the interaction point (IR) in the Electron Ion Collider (EIC). The Higher Order Mode (HOM) damper designs of the EIC differs from the LHC designs since in the EIC the impedance budget is tighter, especially longitudinally, and in the EIC the...
The C-band (5.712 GHz) accelerating structure with distributed coupling and four waveguide manifolds for HOM damping has been studied at Los Alamos National Laboratory to evaluate suppression of the higher-order-modes (HOMs). The HOM damping manifolds were covered by Nickel Chrome (NiCr) and had rounded edges at the interface of the waveguide with accelerating cavities. In this design study,...
Goethe University (GU), Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) and Helmholtz Institut Mainz (HIM) work in collaboration on the Helmholtz Linear Accelerator (HELIAC). A new superconducting (SC) continuous wave (CW) high-intensity heavy ion linear accelerator (Linac) will provide ion beams with a maximum duty factor up to beam energies of 7.3 MeV/u. The acceleration voltage will be provided...
In order to maximize the integrated luminosity of the future circular lepton collider (FCC-ee), a top-up injection scheme is required. Amongst the four operation modes of FCC-ee, the Z operation mode has the highest stored beam energy in the collider ring with about 20 MJ per beam. Consequently, it is for this mode that the injection scheme is primarily optimized and is the focus of this...
The main challenge in the development of high intensity ion sources is, besides the space charge limited extraction, the available plasma density. Conventional plasma generators use e.g. arc discharge plasmas or RF generated plasmas. Preliminary tests are carried out on both types of plasma generators and plasma parameters are determined to create a basis for evaluation. A concept is being...
RadiaBeam has recently built and commissioned a novel C-band photo injector for high brightness Inverse Compton Source. This photoinjector is capable of producing ultra-short femtoseconds electron 250 pC bunches producing up to 300 A of beam current while maintaining the transverse emittance at a submicron level. In this paper, we describe the beam characterization of this photoinjector using...
Recently, the medium temperature alloying of SRF cavities at temperature of 200 - 400 °C in UHV resulted in an increase of the quality factor for increasing accelerating gradient. Studies suggest that medium temperature heat treatment dissolves the surface oxide within the RF penetration depth, therefore tuning the electronic mean free path to an optimal value to enhance the performance. Here,...
Schottky monitors serve as non-invasive tools for beam diagnostics, providing insights into crucial bunch characteristics such as tune, chromaticity, bunch profile, or synchrotron frequency distribution. However, octupole magnets commonly used in circular storage rings to mitigate instabilities through the Landau damping mechanism, can significantly affect the Schottky spectrum. Due to the...
Observation of Schottky signals provides information on important beam and machine parameters, such as transverse emittance, betatron tune, and first-order chromaticity. However, the so-far developed theory of Schottky spectra does not include the impact of the higher-order chromaticity, known to be non-negligible in the case of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). In this contribution, we expand...
The code ImpactX represents the next generation of the particle-in-cell code IMPACT-Z, featuring s-based symplectic tracking with 3D space charge, parallelism with GPU acceleration, adaptive mesh-refinement, modernized language features, and automated testing. While the code contains features that support the modeling of both linear and circular accelerators, we describe recent code...
All wires of the four CERN SPS rotational wirescanners broke when increasing the beam intensity towards the target for the LHC Injector Upgrade in 2023. Impedance and thermal studies were immediately launched, with simulations and measurements indicating that beam induced heating from resonant modes on the thin wire could be sufficient to cause these breakages. Mitigation measures to displace...
In the upcoming compact STorage ring for Accelerator Research and Technology (cSTART), LPA-like electron bunches are only stored for about 100 ms, in which the equilibrium emittance will not be reached. Therefore, to measure parameters such as bunch profiles, arrival times and bunch current losses, bunch-resolved diagnostics are needed.
The booster synchrotron of the KARA accelerator accepts...
With the recently implemented lattice tool LOCOM, which combines the precision of LOCO as well as the speed of multi-frequency AC-LOCO, it takes only a few minutes for the NSLS-II lattice measurement and correction of both linear optics and coupling. Besides, LOCOM can be applied to characterize linear optics at the extremely high chromaticity condition, thus, greatly speeding up the...
With modern accelerators encountering new physics regimes, ‘elegant’ code has added elaborate models of fringe fields, impedances, longitudinal gradient dipoles, and other elements to improve simulation accuracy. However, advanced models come with computational cost penalties. Fundamentally, elegant tracking is serial – it applies models to one particle at a time, preventing many compiler...
Diagnostics and control of beam halo along the beamline are of utmost importance for a high-intensity proton accelerator. To guide halo collimation and mitigate beam loss, halo diagnostics at different betatron phases have been proposed for the CSNS hydrogen linac accelerator. Instead of a scintillating detector, a wire scanner with a neutron-sensitive BF3 detector has been suggested,...
Jefferson Lab has an ongoing R&D program in plasma processing. The experimental program investigated processing using argon/oxygen and helium/oxygen gas mixtures. Plasma processing is a common technique where the free oxygen produced by the plasma breaks down and removes hydrocarbons from surfaces. This increases the work function and reduces the secondary emission coefficient. The initial...
The proton complex is the first piece in the Muon Collider, it comprises a high power acceleration section, a compressor and a target delivery system. For the International Muon Collider Collaboration we are investigating the possibility of having a full energy 5-GeV linac followed by an accumulator and a compressor ring and finally a target delivery system. In this paper we present the...
As part of the International Muon Collider study, a beam vacuum window is being developed at CERN. It is required for the final cooling, where the charged particles travel from the vacuum chamber to the absorber; here, the beam loses momentum to cross a second window entering in a RF cavity that increases the longitudinal momentum. The best absorber for the final cooling is hydrogen. As the...
A new bunch lengthening cryomodule based a single-cell superconducting cavity operating at the 4th harmonic (1408 MHz) of the main RF has been installed into Argonne's Advanced Photon Source (APS) storage ring as part of the U.S. DOE APS Upgrade project. The system will be used to improve the Touschek lifetime by increasing the bunch length by up to several times. The 2-meter long cryomodule...
In this work we present the coupling of the simulation processes of two different physical phenomena. These being the Beam Dynamics at the high energy line of an accelerator, and the Neutron flux transport produced by beam-target nuclear interactions. This work is held within the framework of the IFMIF-DONES project (International Fusion Irradiation Facility-DEMO Oriented NEutron Source),...
The deflection of charged particles in matter can be characterized by multiple-Coulomb scattering. Simulating the interaction of each particle with the Coulomb forces of the material is prohibitively time-consuming from a computational perspective. To address this, scientists have developed a scattering probability models, such as the Moliere model, which have seen refinements and...
One of the significant sources of residual losses in superconducting radio-frequency cavities is magnetic flux trapped during the cool-down due to the incomplete Messier effect. If the trapped vortices are non-uniformly distributed on the cavity surface, the temperature mapping revealed the “hot-spots” at the location of high density of pinned vortices. In this contribution, we present the...
A laserwire diagnostic capable of measuring 5D phase space is to be installed on the Front End Test Stand (FETS) at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. The FETS beamline is a hydrogen ion source and the laserwire operates on the principle of photodetachment. A conventional tranverse laserwire is capable of 4D transverse profiling and emittance reconstruction. The FETS laserwire has a pulse...
FAIR (Facility for antiproton and ion research) is a new accelerator complex in Darmstadt, Germany which will come into operation 2027. The existing GSI accelerator will serve as an injector for the FAIR facility. GSI comprises three main injector lines equipped with different kinds of ion sources producing ion beams of a large number of gaseous and metallic elements according to the various...
In-vivo dosimetry is essential to deliver precise doses to patients in ion beam therapy. Real-time dose monitoring without disturbing the beam improves patient safety and treatment efficiency. It is critical for emerging treatment modalities like FLASH therapy due to the narrow dose tolerance. Existing real-time dosimetry devices are invasive to beam, necessitating a non-invasive dosimetry...
We present the design details and outline the construction progress of the Ionization Profile Monitors (IPMs). Two IPMs, designed for transverse beam size measurements of 70 MeV/c protons, are slated for installation—one horizontal and one vertical—in the IOTA ring. These IPMs are fast (1.8 microsecond, one turn), accurate (to better than 10%) and non-destructive diagnostics. They will play a...
The Shanghai soft X-ray Free-Electron Laser user facility has open to users since 2023. The electron beam is generated by Cu photocathode, integrated in an S-band electron gun. As the photocathode quantum efficiency drops to less than 1e-5, photocathode cleaning technology based on drive laser is used to improve the performance of the photocathode.
Precise determination of the center-of-mass energy in the Future Circular Collider e+e- (FCC-ee) at Z and W energies can be achieved by employing resonant spin depolarization techniques, for which a sufficient level of transverse beam polarization is demanded under the presence of machine imperfections. In this study, the FCC-ee lattice has been modeled and simulated with a variety of lattice...
LCLS-II 1-MeV CW electron source commissioning was successfully completed 2018-2020. Full 100 MeV injector system has been commissioned since summer 2022. CW RF gun and buncher operations are routinely established and e-beam is being ramped to 33 kHz now and eventually up to 1 MHz. About 0.5 μm of emittance has been achieved for 50 pC at desired bunch length. Dark current from the CW gun is...
The cabling facility at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has experienced a heavy increase in workload during the US-HiLumi Accelerator Upgrade Project (AUP). Several critical components have experienced unexpected failure over the project’s lifetime for reasons at least partly attributable due to increased wear and tear on the hardware subsystems. This work presents three case studies of...
Understanding the evolution of complex systems with numerous interacting particles requires advanced analytical tools capable of capturing the intricate dynamics of the phase space. This study introduces a novel approach to longitudinal phase space density tomography in an electron storage ring, leveraging constraints imposed by the Vlasov-Fokker-Planck equation. The Vlasov-Fokker-Planck...
We present the experimental results of the longitudinal phase space measurement using the wakefields driven by the dechirper wall. In the soft X-ray line of the PAL-XFEL (Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, X-ray Free Electron Laser), the dechirper composed of 1-meter-long corrugated metallic walls is located at the upstream of the undulator section. When the electron bunch travels through the...
Charging of RF windows has historically been problematic, frequently resulting in damage to the window severe enough that the window needs to be replaced. Many attempts have been made to prevent charging and therefore improve window lifetime, the most successful and common of which is coating the window with titanium nitride (TiN). Surface coatings such as TiN rely on the secondary electron...
Single-pulse, high dynamic range BPM signal detection has been at the top of the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA) Test Facility's most-wanted list for many years. The AWA beamline's unique capabilities require BPM instrumentation with an unprecedented dynamic range, making it challenging to design and prototype a cost-effective solution. We have prototyped many different approaches over the...
The Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA) facility’s main beamline -- the drive-beam linac -- can produce electron bunches over a wide range of charges (100 pC up to 100 nC). A planned upgrade of the beamline includes the installation of a symmetrized RF gun and linac cavities with the ultimate goal of improving beam brightness. Simulations were done to explore the performance of the upgraded...
We describe a high-efficiency source of muonium that can be transported as a beam in vacuum provides opportunities for fundamental muon and precision physics measurements such as sensitive searches for symmetry violation. Although PSI is currently the world leader, the intense 800-MeV PIP-II linac beam at Fermilab could provide world-class low-energy muon and muonium beams, with unparalleled...
Development of an optical fiber-based beam loss monitor (OBLM) is in progress at the Cockcroft Institute (CI), UK. The novel sensor utilizes the Cherenkov radiation (CR) emitted in optical fibers by relativistic particle showers generated in beam loss or RF breakdown events.
RF breakdowns are a problem for high-power magnetrons, such as those in medical accelerator facilities, as damage to...
SLAC’s LCLS-II-HE upgrade will expand the energy regime of their XFEL at high repetition rates. Due to the low emittance requirement, a superconducting QWR based electron gun was proposed by SLAC and is being developed by FRIB in collaboration with ANL and HZDR. The emittance compensation solenoid consists of two main coils, along with horizontal and vertical dipoles as well as normal and skew...
A new Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) [1] is designed to accelerate the electron bunches from 400 MeV up to 18 GeV for the Electron Ion Collider (EIC) [2] being built at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). One of the two Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) rings will serve as the Hadron Storage Ring (HSR) of the EIC. Beam physics simulations for the RCS demonstrate that the electron beam...
Two 3.9~GHz cryomodules of sixteen cavities are required in the Shanghai high-repetition-rate XFEL and extreme light facility (SHINE) linac. They are placed before the first bunch compressor to linearize energy distribution. A total of twenty-one 3.9~GHz 9-cell cavities including two prototypes were fabricated and tested. The first two prototypes reached a Q0 of 2.9x10^9 at 13.1 MV/m and a...
Nonlinear focusing elements can enhance the stability of particle beams in high-energy colliders through Landau Damping, by means of the tune spread which is introduced. Here we discuss an experiment at Fermilab's Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) which investigates the influence of nonlinear focusing elements, such as octupoles, on the beam’s transverse stability. In this experiment,...
The Q2 insertion quadrupoles for the HL-LHC upgrade of the LHC are currently being produced and tested. The test of the first units provides valuable information about the static and dynamic field quality of superconducting accelerator magnets built from Nb3Sn coils. This paper presents the results of the magnetic measurements performed on the prototype and series magnets from the point of...
Inverse Thomson (Compton) scattering is a well-known radiation process that produces high energy and highly polarized gamma rays using a high energy electron accelerator. Linearly polarized gamma rays are generated by the interaction of a linearly polarized laser and an electron beam, while circularly polarized gamma rays are generated by a circularly polarized laser*. On the other hand, it is...
SSRF/SXFEL has develop the advanced transverse deflecting structure TTDS (two-mode transverse deflecting structure) to perform variable polarization based on the design of a dual-mode RF structure. The 15-cell prototype of the TTDS was fabricated at SSRF/SXFEL. Perturbing object measurement was also performed at SSRF/SXFEL, and a new method for tuning two modes simultaneously were designed...
One major factor contributing to electron beam stability in a storage ring is the mechanical vibrations of magnets. At NSLS-II, we employ electromagnetic actuators to induce controlled vibrations in the support girders of the magnets. Beam position monitors distributed around the ring measure the spatial and frequency distribution of beam oscillations. The collected data is used to create and...
Distortions in the SIS100 injection kicker’s pulse time-form gives rise to beam emittance blow-up in the horizontal plane. Beam particle tracking simulations were carried out to try to predict the emittance at the end of the injection process for pbar and RIB operation. The RIB cycle’s beam grew to just beyond the acceptance of the slow extraction separatrix at 27 Tm. During pbar operation...
One of the main tasks for advanced experiments in modern accelerators is the generation of low-energy and high-brightness beams. The Advanced Research Electron Accelerator Laboratory (AREAL) is a linear electron accelerator based on a photocathode RF gun. The basic aim of this facility is to generate electron bunches of sub-picosecond duration with an extremely small beam emittance for...
The brightness of the beam in any linear accelerator can be no greater than at its source. Thus characterization of source initial conditions, including spatial and momentum distributions, is then critical to understand brightness evolution in a linac. Often measurement of the initial momentum distribution and closely related quantities such as the mean transverse energy (MTE) is hampered by...
We report updates on design work* and ongoing development of a fluorescence-based molecular gas curtain which will be used to observe the 2D transverse profile of multi-charge state heavy ion beams at the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB). The device will produce an ultra-thin, rarefied nitrogen gas sheet and requires that the gas curtain be uniform and thin to prevent distortion of the...
In the context of the High Field Magnet project, the 12 T program aims to design and manufacture a 2‑meter, 12 T, cosθ, double aperture dipole. To reach magnetic fields higher than 10 T in accelerator magnets, brittle epoxy‑impregnated Nb3Sn Rutherford cables are employed, which makes it difficult to predict the coil's mechanical limit and, in extenso, the magnet's performance. To tackle this...
As the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) ramps up to 400 kW, a thermal imaging system (TIS) is essential to monitor the beam spot on the production target. The TIS is an array of mirrors and a telescope in the target vacuum chamber; this relays the image through a window to the optics module outside the chamber. The design presented many challenges from alignment, to remote installation...
A Muon station for sciEnce, technoLOgy and inDustrY (MELODY) is under construction based on China Spallation Neutron Source. Up to 5Hz of proton pulses will be extracted from the RCS ring to a stand-alone target station. One surface muon and one decay muon beamline are designed to provide multi-terminals for various applications. In this report, we describe the design of MELODY and prospect...
Generative models can be trained to reproduce low-dimensional projections of high-dimensional phase space distributions. Normalizing flows are generative models that parameterize invertible transformations, allowing exact probability density evaluation and sampling. Consequently, flows are unbiased entropy estimators and could be used to solve the high-dimensional maximum-entropy tomography...
The SRF community has shown that introducing certain impurities into high-purity niobium can improve quality factors and accelerating gradients. We question why some impurities improve RF performance while others hinder it. The purpose of this study is to characterize the impurities of niobium coupons with a low residual resistance ratio (RRR) and correlate these impurities with the RF...
Ion effects present a big concern for APS-U operation. A lot of effort has been directed towards simulating and mitigating this phenomenon. Simulations predict that bunch gaps are an effective solution, especially if first and last bunches contain higher charge. However, it is desirable to minimize charge variation. This is an optimization problem - total charge should be optimized subject to...
In the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), intra-beam scattering (IBS) is one of the main drivers of longitudinal emittance growth during the long injection plateau. With the halo of the longitudinal bunch distribution being close to the separatrix, IBS consequently drives beam losses by pushing particles outside the RF bucket at the flat-bottom. As IBS and beam losses impose a requirement on the...
Molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) growth with lattice matched substrates can lead to the synthesis of single-crystal alkali antimonide photocathodes*. Single-crystal photocathodes are expected to have not only high quantum efficiencies (QE) but also low mean transverse energy dispersion since they are usually grown as thin films. In this proceeding, we report the synthesis of potassium antimonide...
GaAs-based photocathodes activated to negative electron affinity (NEA) is the only existing technology that can deliver intense and highly spin-polarized electron beams for the forthcoming Electron-Ion Collider as well as enable spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy, ultrafast spin-polarized low-energy electron diffraction, and other cutting-edge experiments. The degree of...
Cesium antimonide photocathodes are known for their ability to generate bright electron beams for various accelerator applications. Lab-grown polycrystalline cesium antimonides as well as Cs1Sb and Cs3Sb crystals are distinguishable; however, it remains unclear how the crystalline and other material properties of each govern the main photocathode properties such as quantum efficiency and mean...
Monte-Carlo models have been successfully used to model bulk semiconductor photocathodes, such as GaAs and others. Here we present a Monte-Carlo model under development for the photoemission from semiconductor thin films, such as Cs2Te, under high acceleration field gradient. Thin films and heterostructures, as well as high photocathode gun operating gradient and cyro-cooling, are both...
Requirements for the noise in electron beams (NEB) have recently approached the Shot-noise level in some new applications. The density fluctuations of intense beams in the near-infrared (NIR) region are being measured at the Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology (FAST) facility. The main goal of the experiment is to accurately compare the Shot-noise model with the observations of optical...
A new beam loss monitor (BLM) system has been installed and commissioned at the Australian Synchrotron. The new system consists of 28 beam loss detector (BLD) units and 14 signal processing BLM units distributed around the storage ring. Each detector unit consists of a plastic scintillator coupled to a photomultiplier tube. The signal processing units are Libera BLMs from Instrumentation...
The development of energetic condensation techniques has resulted in exceptional Nb film quality and improved Nb/Cu RF performance. Progress is continuously made in exploiting film forming and energetic processes to tailor the final film RF response. Convergence of parameters is emerging across techniques such as electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) and high power impulse magnetron sputtering...
Niobium-tin has been identified as the most promising next-generation superconducting material for accelerator cavities. This is due to the higher critical temperature (Tc = 18 K) of Nb3Sn compared to niobium (TC = 9.2 K), which leads to greatly reduced RF losses in the cavity during 4.5 K operation. This allows two important changes during cavity and cryomodule design. First, the higher Tc...
In this contribution the low-temperature synthesis of Nb3Sn, a promising material for superconducting radio frequency (SRF) application is presented. Theoretically Nb3Sn is superior to Nb in surface resistivity, critical temperature and critical field, but in practice the performance is lacking behind due to early quenching at low fields. Co-sputtering at low sample temperature could overcome...
The direction of particle accelerator development is ever increasing beam quality, currents, and repetition rates. Advanced control techniques using machine learning are required for the optimization and operation of such accelerators. These techniques greatly benefit from having single-shot beam measurements. However, high intensity beams poses a challenge for traditional interceptive...
Hefei Light Source (HLS) is a dedicated synchrotron light source with an electron beam energy of 800 MeV. Due to the limited circumference of 66.13 m, the current lattice adopts Double-Bend Achromat (DBA) with 4 super periods. The natural emittance is 38 nm⋅rad . To improve the light source performance, we reselect the work point, based on the new work point, we optimize the beam nonlinear...
The research is focused on finding new ways to generate high-intensity, monochromatic X and gamma-rays, surpassing the capabilities of existing methods. While Free-Electron Lasers (FEL) have limitations on photon energy, and Inverse Compton Scattering relies on powerful lasers, the search for alternatives continues. TECHNO-CLS, a PATHFINDER project funded by the European Innovation Council, is...
Bulk niobium is currently the standard material for constructing superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities for acceleration in particle accelerators. However, bulk niobium is limited, and new materials and surface treatments may allow greater performance to be reached. We present progress on novel materials and treatments for SRF cavity fabrication.
The Radio Frequency System-on-Chip (RFSoC) FPGA-based high-performance bunch-by-bunch beam position monitor (BxB BPM) was developed and commissioned at NSLS-II. The new BxB BPM features a 14-bit 5 Gsps ADC, directly sampling 2 ns four-button signals, and digital signal processing with a synchronized 500 MHz RF reference clock. The BxB BPM provides 32 K points of ADC raw data, 5 K turns for up...
Elettra 2.0 is the 4th generation synchrotron light source that is going to replace Elettra, the 3rd generation light source operating since 30 years in Trieste Italy, giving light to the users in 2026. In this paper we present simulation results of the beam losses. Two different way of beam losses are studied namely beam decay, which mainly concentrates on the losses due to Touschek...
In preparation for PIP2, there has been interest in running the Fermilab Booster at a higher current more indicative of the PIP2 era operation. In July 2023 an experiment was performed to study collective instabilities over the transition crossing at the Fermilab Booster. Over the transition crossing, the synchrotron tune becomes small and synchro-betatron instabilities become possible. During...
The Helium Flow Monitor System developed by Jefferson Lab and Hyperboloid LLC is designed to measure the health of cavities in a Cryomodule in real-time. It addresses the problem of unhealthy cavities with low Q0, which generate excess heat and evaporation from the 2 K super-fluid helium bath used to cool the cavities. The system utilizes a unique meter that incorporates superconducting...
In 2019, the annual number of cancer cases exceeded 100 million, resulting in 10 million deaths worldwide. Radiation therapy stands out as one of the most effective methods for cancer treatment. Electron beams in the 100 MeV range can reach even deep-seated tumors without the need for surgical intervention. Thanks to novel, high-gradient acceleration technologies, clinical facilities for...
A new S-band photocathode RF gun proposed for ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) has been designed and optimized. The 2.6 cell electron gun works at π-mode and the operating frequency is 2.856 GHz. The peak electric field on the cathode is 56 MV/m and the field in the following cells are optimized to reduce transverse emittance. The pulsed RF power loss is 2.5 MW and the final kinetic energy...
Low energy electron bunches experience emittance growth due to space charge. This effect can lead to large emittances which are unacceptable for a facility like PERLE at IJCLab. PERLE will be an ERL test facility circulating a high current electron beam. The traditional method to reduce emittance due to this effect is already planned for the PERLE injector, this has a limit of how small the...
Single objective Bayesian optimization is used in the simulation of the compact X-ray light source (CXLS) at Arizona State University, an inverse Compton based X-ray source, to optimize the 6D electron distribution prior to final focusing at the interaction point. For inverse Compton X-ray sources, a small 6D emittance as well as a small pulse (both transversely and longitudinally) are...
The PERLE (Powerful Energy Recovery Linac for Experiments) project requires an injector capable of delivering a beam current of 20 mA at a total beam energy of 7 MeV with 500 pC bunches. These requirements present challenges for achieving the high quality beam required for the main ERL loop. At low energy and high bunch charge, the electron bunches will predominantly experience emittance...
The large amount of energy required to operate large-scale facilities with particle accelerators within has been considered as one of the important research topics over the past years. This sheds light on the importance of the research field of energy management that entitles, with a view to long-term operations, the implementation of smart and sustainable technologies.
One of the key...
The cathode test stand at LANL is utilized to test velvet emitters over pulse durations of up to 2.5 µs. Diode voltages range from 120 kV to 275 kV and extracted currents exceed 25 A and depend on cathode size and pulse duration. Current density measurements taken with scintillators or Cherenkov emitters produce inconsistent patterns that disagree with the anticipated beam profile. Several...
Ionization cooling is only cooling technique capable of efficiently reducing the phase space of a muon beam within a short timeframe. The ultimate cooling phase of a muon collider aims to minimize transverse emittance while simultaneously curbing longitudinal emittance growth, to achieve optimal luminosities within the collider ring. This study shows that achieving efficient cooling...
The National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC) has conducted a study on the magnetic circuit design of a high-temperature superconducting undulator (HTSU). This study explores the potential use of second-generation high-temperature superconducting (2G-HTS) materials in undulator magnet, which offer advantages such as higher current density and operating temperature. To evaluate the...
Synchrotron light sources often use higher-harmonic RF cavities for bunch lengthening to enhance Touschek lifetime. By adjusting the harmonic voltage, a flat-potential condition for the longitudinal voltage can be achieved, typically improving Touschek lifetime by 4 to 5 times. It is known that exceeding the flat-potential voltage results in double-peaked bunch profiles, referred to as...
A new design of fast wire scanner was installed in the CERN injector complex as part of the upgrades linked to the High-Luminosity LHC Project. Initial operations with these beams were good, but during the planned intensity ramp-up one early 2023, all four SPS scanners failed at the same time. An urgent program was put in place to understand and address this failure with experts from across...
Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz is currently constructing a new electron accelerator that employs an energy recovery scheme. The Mainz Energy Recovery Superconducting Accelerator (MESA) will provide two modes of operation: the Energy Recovery (ER) mode, which will supply an internal gas target experiment, and the Extraction Beam (EB) mode, primarily used in the P2 experiment where MESA's...
A key strategic approach to making accelerator-driven light sources more energy-efficient and sustainable is to employ superconductivity. At Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) there is a successful experience in developing and enhancing superconducting magnet systems for accelerators. That includes the design and fabrication of low and high-temperature superconducting technologies,...
The Future Circular Collider (FCC-ee) is designed to explore the Z0 and W± bosons, along with the Higgs boson and top quark, achieving exceptionally high luminosity and energy efficiency. In order to minimize the energy lost per turn due to Synchrotron Radiation (SR) we explore the use of Combined Function Magnets into the arcs cell. For this, it is necessary to explore the possible...
This study primarily investigates the parameters and processes involved in depositing Nb thin films on copper cavities under DC and HIPIMS modes. For this purpose, a high-power magnetron sputtering system was designed, conducting a total of 36 experiments. Improvement and optimization of parameters such as duty cycle (under HIPIMS mode), peak current, and bias voltage were undertaken to...
The study investigates the radiation attenuation performance of five ternary glass systems with varying chemical compositions: 50P$_2$O$_5$-(50-x)BaO-xEu$_2$O$_3$, where x = 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 mol%. It utilizes theoretical and Monte Carlo methods to determine shielding parameters such as attenuation coefficients, mean free path, value layers, electron densities, conductivity and neutron...
Passive streaking devices have been proposed and developed at several facilities worldwide, providing a flexible and cost-effective longitudinal bunch profile diagnostic. A passive streaker, using wakefields excited in dielectric lined waveguides, is planned to be installed in the FEBE experimental chamber at CLARA Phase-2. We present experimental tests of bunch reconstruction performed during...
In this work we demonstrate the generation of a record low root mean square normalized transverse electron emittance of less than 30 pm-rad from a flat metal photocathode – more than an order of magnitude lower than the best the emittance that has been achieved from a flat photocathode. This was achieved by using plasmonic focusing of light to a sub-diffraction regime using plasmonic...
Plasma processing has shown to be an effective tool for removing hydrocarbons built up during the operation of the superconducting cavities. Motivated by the 49 MeV operational energy gain of the four C100 cryomodules at Jefferson Lab, there is an ongoing experimental and simulation study of plasma processing on the C75 cavities. The simulation work is focused on the dynamics of the gas,...
There is a notable prospect of attaining high precision measurement of the center-of-mass energy in the Future Circular Collider e+e- (FCC-ee) at Z and W energies using resonant spin depolarization, the realization of which is based on a sufficient transverse beam polarization level. The application of harmonic spin matching schemes using closed orbit bumps holds promise for improving the...
Single crystal photocathode films promise to lower the mean transverse energy (MTE) of emitted electrons by tens of millielectronvolts, offering significant benefits for advanced light sources and electron microscopes. Traditional methods for assessing the surface quality involve accelerating electrons in a DC gap and inferring their angular distribution from the beam spot size. However, the...
With very small beam sizes at IP (several tens of nanometers in the vertical direction) and the presence of strong FFS quadrupoles in the CEPC, the luminosity is very sensitive to the mechanical vibrations, requiring excellent control over the two colliding beams to ensure an optimum geometrical overlap between them and thereby maximize the luminosity. Fast luminosity measurements and an IP...
Jinhua light source (JHLS) is a synchrotron radiation facility with the aim of the increasing requirement of user demands for industrial applications. The lattice contains 16 super-periods in order to accommodate different end users for experiments. The circumference is less than 240 m, and the natural emittance is less than 10 nm∙rad at 2.6 GeV. In this paper, we present a modified Triple...
We report on initial characterization of NaKSb photocathodes in the Pegasus high gradient S-band RF photoinjector. These cathodes were grown at Cornell and transported by air to UCLA. Preliminary characterization was done in the UV and yielded a quantum efficiency of 1.5% and a mean transverse energy of 0.7±0.2 eV measured by solenoid scan. Photocathode response at different wavelengths as...
According to the high repetition rate, high brightness and other operating characteristics of SHINE, the photocathode with high quantum efficiency, low emittance, and long operating lifetime is required to produce high-quality electron beam. After solving the problems of ultra-high vacuum acquisition, photocathode plug in vacuum transmission, and photocathode preparation process, the Cs-Te...
The FCC-ee collider physics program requires a precise determination of the center-of-mass energy. The average energies of the two colliding beams can be measured by resonant depolarization (RDP) of polarized electron and positron bunches. The depolarization is achieved by an electromagnetic device, e.g., a strip line, excited at a sweeping frequency. Once the excitation frequency is equal to...
Beam Delivery Simulation (BDSIM), is a C++ program that seamlessly models particle beam transport within an accelerator model that can encompass the beam line, the accelerator's environment, and any accompanying detectors. Based on a suite of high-energy physics software including Geant4, CLHEP, and ROOT, BDSIM transforms the optical design of an accelerator into a detailed 3D model. This...
The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) requires 34, 500 kW continuous-wave (cw), 591 MHz Fundamental Power Couplers (FPCs) to compensate the Electron Storage Ring’s (ESR) 10 MW of synchrotron radiation and other beam driven losses. This paper will describe the FPC design and fabrication status, particularly the technical challenges associated with 500 kW cw operation and the innovative design...
Field emission is one of the most important issues that limits the performance of the superconducting radio frequency (SRF) systems and leads to SRF cavity trips at the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) at Jefferson Lab. Studies have confirmed that particulates are the dominant source of field emitters and the particulates can be transported into a cavity from other parts...
Generation of a muon beam at a Muon Collider requires relatively short, high-charge proton bunches. They are produced in a high-average-power proton driver by first accumulating a proton beam from a super-conducting linac, then bunching the beam and finally compressing and combining the bunches into a single high-intensity proton pulse. All of these beam formation stages involve handling of...
The Electron Ion Collider (EIC), to be built at BNL, is a unique high-energy, high-luminosity, polarized electron-proton/ion collider. High-Order-Mode (HOM) damping is a big challenge for EIC electron accelerators, especially for 17 single-cell 591 MHz SRF cavities in EIC Electron Storage Ring (ESR) because of its high electron beam current (up to 2.6 A). Room temperature SiC Beamline HOM...
Alkali-based semiconductor photocathodes are widely used as electron sources and photon detectors. The prop-erties of alkali-based semiconductor materials such as crystallinity and surface roughness fundamentally de-termine the performance merits like quantum efficiency and thermal emittance. In BNL, pulsed laser deposition (PLD) was utilized to assist the growth of alkali-based photocathode...
New generation X-ray free electron lasers require reliable and precise synchronization of pulsed laser sources across various locations. This demands stable timing distribution to preserve ultra-low timing jitter, ultrashort pulse duration, and high peak power*. Fiber optic delivery, compared to free-space optics, offers advantages in flexibility, laser safety, ease of deployment and superior...
The Fermilab Linac accepts the 0.75 MeV H- ions from the front end and accelerates them to 400 MeV for injection into the Booster. Day-to-day drifts of the longitudinal trajectory in the Linac, reconstructed from phase readings of Beam Position Monitors, are at the level of several degrees. They are believed to cause additional losses both in the Linac and Booster, and are addressed by...
This paper describes the aspects of quench detection and protective mitigation measures strategy for superconducting cavities at the European Spallation Source (ESS). A series of tests conducted at TS2 on elliptical cavities, where various methods for quench detection and mitigation measures are implemented, are described.
As one of online single-shot and non-destructive absolute measure methods with high resolution, Electro-Optical (EO) techniques have been widely utilized in Free Electron Laser to measure the longitudinal bunch profile. A bunch length monitor with 100 fs resolution is required for Shanghai Soft X-ray FEL (SXFEL) facility. The solution based on Electro-Optical Temporal Decoding (EOTD) method...
Muon production in the multi-TeV muon collider studied by the International Muon Collider Collaboration is planned to be performed with a high-power proton beam interacting with a fixed target. The design of the target area comes with a set of challenges related to the radiation load to front-end equipment. The confinement of the emerging pions and muons requires very strong magnetic fields...
Circular muon colliders provide the potential to explore center-of-mass energies at the multi-TeV scale within a relatively compact footprint. Because of the short muon lifetime, only a small fraction of stored beam particles will contribute to the physics output, while most of the muons will decay in the collider ring. The resulting power carried by decay electrons and positrons can amount to...
In Korea Multi-purpose Accelerator Complex (KOMAC) of Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), a 100 MeV proton LINAC is in operation and provides the proton beam for various applications since 2013. A radioisotope (RI) production beam line has developed in 2015 and the commissioning started in 2016. Recently, a beam diagnostics system for high proton beam currents of 100 μA was...
Ultra-low-charge operation of free-electron lasers down to 1 pC or even lower, requires adequate diagnostics for both, the users and the operators. For the electro-optical bunch-arrival time monitor a fundamental design update is necessary to yield single-digit fs precision with such low charges. In 2023 a vacuum sealed demonstrator for a novel pickup structure with integrated combination...
A low-latency, real-time diagnostic system for the analysis of longitudinal Schottky signals in CERN’s antiproton chain has been developed. The system, installed in CERN’s Antiproton Decelerator (AD), processes the combined output of two low-noise, wideband AC beam transformers. It uses a GPU and the NVIDIA CUDA Toolkit, exploiting the directly sampled data and hardware features provided by...
SRF materials such as niobium have been extremely useful for accelerator technology but require low temperatures operation < 9 K. The development of high temperature superconductors (HTS) is promising due to their to their high critical temperature 89.5 K. This work intends to determine the high-power RF performance of such materials at X-band (11.424 GHz). Two kinds of REBCO coatings (thin...
The compact ERL (cERL) is operated at mid-energy region around 17 MeV for beam studies on industrial applications since 2017. Toward the future high power FEL source for EUV lithography, high current beam operation was demonstrated at low bunch charge after install of undulators as a first step. It is critical to reduce beam loss not to exceed 20 uSv/h outside the shield wall of the cERL...
Cherenkov threshold detectors (XCET) are used for identifying particles in the experimental areas at CERN. These detectors observe Cherenkov light emitted by charged particles travelling inside a pressurized gas vessel. A key component of the XCET detector is the 45-degree flat mirror reflecting the Cherenkov light towards the photomultiplier (PMT). A thorough analysis and optimization was...
This paper provides updates on two essential toolsets designed to facilitate the tuning and commissioning processes of the Future Circular Collider (FCC): relaxed optics and linear tuning knobs specifically for the experimental insertion regions. Motivated by the imperative need for efficient tuning strategies, we outline the construction methodology for both toolsets and present initial...
The sixth International School on Beam dynamics and Accelerator technology (ISBA23) was held for 10 days from August 3rd to 12th, 2023 at Pohang in Korea. ISBA23 was jointly hosted by Korea Atomic Energy Reꠓsearch Institute (KAERI) and Korea Accelerator and Plasma Research Association (KAPRA). After screening 83 registrant’s resumes and letters of recommendation, 70 students from Korea, Japan,...
The Karlsruhe research accelerator KARA offers a setup to measure the beam energy with resonant spin depolarization. The depolarization is excited by the stripline kickers of the bunch-by-bunch feedback system and the resonant frequency is measured via change in Touschek lifetime. Energy measurements with resonant spin depolarization are implemented as a standard routine in the control system...
Various design options have been studied and simulated using CST MICROWAVE STUDIO for a compact transverse-deflecting system proposed for diagnostics of extremely short electron bunches. The idea of the method is to use terahertz radiation, produced from optical rectification of the facility’s electron gun laser pulse. The proposed system is to be checked experimentally at the test facility...
The LCLS-II HE superconducting linac can produce multi-energy beams by supporting multiple undulator lines simultaneously. This could be achieved by using the cavity SRF tuner in the off-frequency detune mode. This off-frequency operation method was tested in 8 cryomodules at Fermilab at 2 K. In all the tests the tuners successfully achieved a frequency shift of -565±80 kHz from the 1.3 GHz...
The design of the electron-positron Future Circular Collider (FCC-ee) challenges the requirements on optics codes (like MAD-X) in terms of accuracy, consistency, and performance. Traditionally, MAD-X uses a transport formalism by expanding the transfer map about the origin up to second order to compute optics functions and synchrotron radiation integrals in the TWISS and EMIT modules....
High Energy Density Physics (HEDP) is mostly related to charged particle beams, lasers, and plasma systems. Most of the available charged particle beam systems are either of low energies (keV scale, for example, medical x-rays) or of very high energies (>GeV, for example, SLAC accelerators, CERN for fundamental research). We need MeV energy scale accelerators to study the Bragg peaks of...
High brightness electron beams are required to drive next generation light sources. This will only be achieved by photocathodes with high quantum efficiency (QE) and low intrinsic emittance, whilst also having long operational lifetimes and minimal dark current. Cesium telluride (CsTe) photocathodes are currently the favored material for many accelerators around the globe, typically chosen for...
Diamond Light Source (DLS) is a 3 GeV synchrotron facility in the UK, which has been a part of the Cherenkov diffraction radiation (ChDR) collaboration since 2017 and is now in its second phase of experiments. The current experiment aims to produce and test a one-dimensional beam position monitor (BPM) that utilizes ChDR at visible and near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths. This paper will cover the...
In autumn 2023, the FCC Feasibility Study underwent a crucial “mid-term review”. We describe some accelerator performance risks for the proposed future circular electron-
positron collider, FCC-ee, identified for, and during, the mid-term review. For the collider rings, these are the collective effects when running on the Z resonance – especially resistive wall, beam-beam, and electron cloud...
Quasi-monochromatic gamma-ray beams are produced in the laser Compton slant-scattering at the Shanghai Laser Electron Gamma Source (SLEGS) of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF) [1,2]. The laser Compton slant-scattering was pioneered to produce X rays as early as in 1996 [3] and has more recently been used to produced gamma rays in the MeV region at UVSOR [4]. The...
The Future Circular electron-positron Collider (FCC-ee) is a proposed accelerator with 91 kilometres circumference that should serve as a Higgs and electroweak factory, with unprecedented luminosity. Unavoidable misalignments and field errors will generate optics errors at the interaction point (IP), whose effect will be amplified by the beam-beam collisions, which will make it challenging for...
In the injector section of electron linacs, both internal space charge forces and wakefield effects influence the beam dynamics. So far, existing simulation approaches can not account for both effects simultaneously. To fill this gap, we have developed a computational method to account for both effects self-consistently*. It couples a space charge solver in the rest frame of the bunch with a...
During the operation of BEPCII, it is found that the transverse feedback system plays an important role on the collision luminosity. In this paper, we try to simulate the effect of the transverse feedback system on beam performance and luminosity in BEPCII.
Moving towards beam energies around 2-6 MeV in ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) experiments allows achievement of larger coherence length for better k-space resolution, while the temporal resolution is improved when shorter electron bunches are generated and the velocity mismatch between the optical pump and UED probe is reduced.
At Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), a series...
The AEgIS (Antimatter Experiment on Gravity, Interferometry and Spectroscopy) project, based at CERN's Antiproton Decelerator (AD) facility, has undergone significant enhancements, capitalizing on the increased quantity of colder antiprotons made available by the new Extra Low Energy Antiproton Ring (ELENA) decelerator. These improvements aim to create a horizontal beam and enable a direct...
Transverse deflection structures (TDS) have been widely used as diagnostic devices to characterize longitudinal properties of electron bunches in a linear accelerator. However, the conventional TDS can only measure either the horizontal or the vertical slice envelopes of electron bunches. In order to give full control of the angles of the transverse streaking field inside of the TDS to...
The Karlsruhe Research Accelerator (KARA) is an electron storage ring and synchrotron light source for accelerator research at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). It features an electro-optical (EO) in-vacuum bunch profile monitor to measure the longitudinal bunch profile in single shot on a turn-by-turn basis using electro-optical spectral decoding (EOSD). A simulation procedure has...
During Run 2 and Run 3 of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), slow losses from electron cloud (e-cloud) effects have been systematically observed during the full duration of fills with closely-spaced proton bunches. In particular, these effects had been found to depend strongly on the crossing angle of the two beams and the value of the betatron functions in the interaction points. Due to this...
High quality electron bunch trains enable investigations in scientific frontiers with high resolution and efficiency and are earnestly desired by various accelerator facilities, including inverse Compton scattering (ICS), high energy computed tomography, and free electron lasers. An average beam flux can be greatly increased by using the bunch train mode. A bunch train with an average current...
The CLARA facility at Daresbury Laboratory (UK) is capable of producing femtosecond-scale electron bunches, which will be used in the Full Energy Beam Exploitation (FEBE) beamline. CLARA will employ multiple techniques to manipulate the longitudinal beam profile, including a variable bunch compressor and velocity bunching. Existing longitudinal THz diagnostics on CLARA are multi-shot methods,...
The concept of a single unified model for designing accelerator magnets has long been sought. Any meaningful virtual twin model must embody the ability to simulate the electromagnetic, thermal and structural performance of the device, as well as retaining the full geometric, materials and manufacturing information. Not only this, but the virtual twin must be able to respond to a design change...
The Munich Compact Light Source (MuCLS)* is a compact synchrotron source based on inverse Compton X-ray scattering. This effect produces brilliant quasi-monochromatic hard X-ray radiation with rather low electron energy (tens of MeV) by colliding these electrons head-on with a laser beam. Such sources are sufficiently compact to fit into a laboratory or industrial environment enabling a more...
A pair spectrometer, designed to capture single-shot gamma spectra over a range extending from 10 MeV through 10 GeV, is being developed at UCLA for installation at SLAC’s FACET-II facility. Gammas are converted to electrons and positions via pair production in a beryllium target and are then subsequently magnetically analyzed. These charged particles are then recorded in an array of quartz...
Due to improvements of the performance of FELs, the measurements of the beam’s slice energy spread is becoming increasingly important for optimization of the brightness. Of particular interest are measurements of the uncorrelated energy spread near the gun as this determines the lower limit of the energy spread for the rest of the machine. At the Photo Injector Test facility at DESY in Zeuthen...
Superconducting cryomodule prototypes and series have been developing for SHINE project. Up to now, several sets of high-Q cryomodules have been assembled and tested. This talk will present the development of cryomodule components, the assembly and performance test.
Iron-dominated superconducting magnets are one of the most popular and used design choices for superconducting magnetic quadrupoles for accelerator systems. While the iron yoke and pole tips are economic and effective in shaping the field, the large amount of iron also leads to certain drawbacks, namely, unwanted harmonics from the sextupole correctors nested inside of quadrupole iron pole...
This presentation will report on the status of assembling and commissioning of the Cathodes And Radio-frequency Interactions in Extremes (CARIE) C-band high gradient photoinjector test facility at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The construction of CARIE began in October of 2022. CARIE will house a high gradient copper RF photoinjector with a high quantum-efficiency cathode and produce...
Energy-recovery linacs provide high beam currents with lower RF power requirements compared to conventional machines while maintaining the high beam quality of a linac. The S-DALINAC is a thrice-recirculating accelerator operating at a frequency of 3 GHz that is capable of being operated as a multi-turn superconducting energy-recovery linac. Its efficiency is currently limited by the bunch...
The Institute of Rare Isotope Science(IRIS) has a heavy-ion accelerator facility in Daejeon, Korea. The cryomodule with quarter-wave resonators (QWR) and half-wave resonators (HWR) were also installed in the SCL3 tunnel and a beam operation test (Beam energy = 17.6 MeV/u) was performed. However, the frequency drift of the HWR is one of the failures of the beam control. Therefore, the...
RUEDI (Relativistic Ultrafast Electron Diffraction & Imaging) is a proposed facility which will deliver single-shot, time-resolved, imaging with MeV electrons, and ultrafast electron diffraction down to 10 fs timescales. RUEDI is being designed to enable the following science themes: dynamics of chemical change; materials in extreme conditions; quantum materials; energy generation, storage,...
Version 4 of the widely used time-dependent FEL code Genesis 1.3 has been released. The C++ code keeps the entire bunch in memory and thus allows for self-consistent effects such as wakefields or long-range space charge fields. With sufficiently allocated distributed memory, Genesis 1.3 can represent each individual electron. This solves the problem of the shot noise statistics at any...
This paper analyzes the single bunch effect due to impedance in PETRA-IV storage ring. With an established impedance element database, the geometrical impedance is generated accordingly. The resistive wall impedance is obtained through the ImpedanceWake2d simulation. The H6BA lattice is now considered as the baseline design and applied for the simulation study. It is required that the ring can...
Generalized electron emission theories, consisting of field emission and thermionic emission, are investigated. Electrons in metals are emitted due to a strong local electric field for field emission, while for thermionic emission, electrons in metals are emitted due to local high temperatures. Field emission is studied in terms of dimensions, and thermionic emission is also examined as a...
SwissFEL is a normal conducting linear accelerator driving two separate free-electron laser (FEL) lines – one for soft and one for hard x-rays. We report jitter and correlation measurements of two electro-optical Bunch Arrival-Time Monitors (BAMs), which use directly the pulses from a mode-locked laser oscillator. The arrival-time is encoded in the amplitude of one single reference laser pulse...
The core components of the LANSCE accelerator complex – the beam source area, drift-tube and cavity-coupled linear accelerators – are more than 50 years old; a critical subsystem for beam delivery to the Lujan Center, the proton storage ring (PSR), is more than 20 years old. The proposed LAMP project is intended to begin a revitalization and update of the LANSCE accelerator complex, starting...
In late 2023 (6-8 November), Los Alamos National Laboratory hosted the “UED Opportunities for Dynamical Imaging of Materials” workshop in Santa Fe, New Mexico. The workshop was divided into two sections. The first part (1.5 days) was dedicated to material science and needs for UED imaging, and the second part (1 day) to discuss accelerator science driving next generation ultra-fast diffraction...
Elettra 2.0 is the 4th generation synchrotron light source that is going to replace Elettra, the 3rd generation light source operating for 30 years in Trieste Italy. The new ring will be giving light to the users in 2026 at 2.4 GeV. Three beam lines require very hard-x-rays i.e. photon energies at 50 keV or more with a flux of 1013 ph/sec and this can be achieved with a superconducting magnet...
IRIS (Innovative Research Infrastructure on applied Superconductivity) is a major project to build a research infrastructure in applied superconductivity, recently approved in Italy and led by INFN Milano. In this framework, we are developing two superconducting energy savings devices, both working at 20 K either in helium gas flow or by cold-heads: An HTS dipole (Energy Saving Superconducting...
At the FAIR project in Darmstadt, Germany, superconducting magnets will be utilized for the main accelerator, the SIS100 heavy ion synchrotron, and for the fragment separator Super-FRS. For SIS100, the magnets are fast ramped with a rate of up to 4 T/s while large apertures are required for Super-FRS. In total, several hundred magnets need to be produced, qualified and characterized for the...
The Mainz Energy-Recovering Superconducting Accelerator (MESA), an energy-recovering (ER) LINAC, is currently under construction at the Institute for Nuclear physics at the Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany. In the ER mode continues wave (CW) beam is accelerated from 5 MeV up to 105 MeV. The energy gain of the beam is provided through 2 enhanced ELBE-type cryomodules containing two...
The SuperKEKB IR is designed to achieve extremely small vertical and horizontal beta functions at the IP. Superconducting magnets provide the focusing magnetic field required to squeeze down the beta functions. The Belle II detector solenoid field is fully compensated with the superconducting anti-solenoids on each side of the IP. For further luminosity improvement, an upgrade of the...
The FCC-ee is a proposed high-luminosity circular electron-positron collider that will operate with beam energies spanning from 45.6 to 182.5 GeV, yielding a total of 50 MW of synchrotron radiation power per beam. The lattice design upstream of the interaction point is based on weak dipoles and long straight sections combined with a 30 mrad crossing angle. The optics design provides a flat...
T-mapping diagnostic system is an indirect method to detect the internal surface of superconducting cavity during vertical testing. When superconducting cavity is powered, T-Mapping can detect the thermal instability and thermal collapse caused by defects. The goal of the project is to develop temperature detection devices that are highly accurate and easy to install. The development of the...
SRF cavities are commonly coated with superconducting materials (e.g., niobium) using magnetron sputtering. In this process, various power supplies are employed such as DC, pulsed DC or HiPIMS. The sputtered ions are ejected from the target to the cavity or sample surface with an energy dependent on the power conditions and pressure range. In this study, we investigated the efficiency of such...
Increasing the brightness of electron beams emitted from photocathodes will allow X-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFELs) to lase at larger photon energies with higher pulse energies. This will enable the development of key new accelerator capabilities. Higher electron beam brightness can be achieved by creating photocathodes with high quantum efficiency (QE) and/or low intrinsic emittance. Results...
The Chiral Belle project is a proposed project which aims to expand the capabilities of SuperKEKB and the physics goals of Belle II by injection polarized electrons into the High Energy Ring. Before the full implementation of spin rotator magnets near the interaction point, we propose to demonstrate the injection and transport of polarized electrons in the SuperKEKB Main Ring. By measuring the...
We will report on the test results of the first ever built 2-cell RF-dipole type crab cavity.
High currents of bunched electron and positron beams plan to be used in the proposed FCC-ee collider to achieve a high luminosity. Naturally, the impedance of the interaction region of the FCC must be as small as possible. Previously, a very smooth beam pipe in the interaction region was designed, and now we add necessary elements important for the beam operation, reduced backgrounds, and...
Recent advancements in electron beam compression methods have enabled the production of ultrashort electron beams at the sub-femtosecond scale, significantly expanding their applications. However, the temporal resolution of these beams is primarily limited by the flight time jitter, especially during their generation in photocathode RF electron guns. This paper explores the dynamics of...
The discovery of neutrino Charge-Parity Violation (CPV) became an important candidate to explain the matter dominance in the Universe. The goal of the ESSnuSB project is to discover and measure neutrino CPV with unprecedented sensitivity*. The construction of the European Spallation Source, ESS, the world’s most intense proton source, represents an outstanding opportunity for such project to...
A first FCC final focus quadrupole prototype has been designed, constructed and tested. The prototype is of a Canted Cosine Theta type using a NbTi conductor with novel features like edge compensation and wax impregnated. It has an aperture of 40 mm and a field gradient of 100 T/m. In this paper we recall the main design features and report on the test results on field quality and the powering...
High-brightness photoinjectors generate low emittance, ultrashort electron beams that are capable of tracking dynamical states of matter with atomic-scale spatio-temporal resolutions via ultrafast electron scattering, as well as providing precisely-shaped electron beams for advanced acceleration research and large-scale facilities such as free-electron laser and inverse Compton scattering. In...
The BPM feedthroughs were manufactured and tested at the vendor and the APS lab. All feedthroughs were sorted in groups of four according to their capacitance. Four feedthroughs with close capacitance were welded to the housing in an assembly. The assemblies were measured in the APS lab to confirm their electrical performance acceptable and their x/y offsets were calculated according to VNA...
Beam instrumentation is of critical importance for the operation and optimization of modern particle accelerators. The upgrading work of CSNS has led to higher requirements for beam measurement equipment in increasing beam current research. Existing equipment, including current intensity measurement systems, emissivity measurement systems, and position measurement systems, cannot meet these...
With a circumference of approximately 91 km, the electron-positron Future Circular Collider, FCC-ee, aims to achieving unprecedented luminosities at beam energies from 45.6 to 182.5 GeV. One of the most profound challenges is to reach its design performance in the presence of various alignment and field errors. The FCC-ee optics tuning working group studies all aspects of this wide topic,...
Single-bunch instability is studied at the Taiwan Photon Source both with and without bunch-by-bunch feedback (BBF). The instability thresholds are investigated at various chromaticities by increasing the bunch current until the instability occurs. BBF and chromaticity can increase the maximum stored bunch current and allow the tune to cross the unstable region. As the bunch current increase,...
The beam final focus system of SuperKEKB consists of 55 superconducting magnets. They are 8 main quadrupole magnets, 43 corrector magnets and 4 compensation solenoids. During beam operation from 2018 to 2022, the superconducting magnets quenched 40 times induced by the electron or positron beam hitting the superconducting coils or the other disturbances. The temperatures of the quenched...
Photocathodes play key roles in supplying electron beams for diverse research facilities. Among them, semiconductor photocathodes stand out for their high quantum efficiency (QE). Typically, a high QE, long operation time, low thermal emittance and fast response time are desired for the accelerator community. However, the performance of semiconductor photocathodes is extremely sensitive to...
SuperKEKB is the particle collider of electrons at 7 GeV and positrons at 4 GeV, and it is the cutting-edge collider in the luminosity frontier using the “Nano-beam scheme”. The beam colliding operation of SuperKEKB started from 2018 May, and the peak luminosity reached at 4.678×1e-34 1/cm² 1/s with quite expert beam operation. In beam operation, the vertical tune of the positron beam was...
BPM signal processing uses digital or analog down-conversion to report phase and magnitude at a single frequency, however the digitized BPM signal may contain many more harmonics and a larger bandwidth of information which may be useful. An FPGA implementation is described which captures the full bandwidth BPM signal with minimal processing and resources. This approach can be scaled to...
We will calculate tolerances for fabrication for the 197 MHz prototype crab cavity for EIC.
The “Dark Period” (DP), that is the final shutdown for the Elettra Storage Ring (SR) with its ancillary equipment and most of its beamlines, is scheduled to start on July 2nd, 2025. During the DP we will remove the complete SR lattice structure with annexed cabling, piping, and supports; the Service Area, where most of the equipment to operate the SR is installed, will be completely renovated;...
The performance and scientific reach of advanced electron accelerator applications, such as particle colliders, x-ray free electron lasers, and ultrafast electron diffraction, are determined by beam brightness. The beam brightness is constrained by the quality of photocathodes and is associated with low Mean Transverse Energy (MTE) of photoemitted electrons. To meet the requirements for...
This study focuses on the beam source for the LCLS-II-HE Low Emittance Injector (LEI) design: a state-of-the-art superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) gun. The LEI is intended to enable extending the LCLS-II-HE’s useful photon energy to 20 keV without additional cryomodules. We consider a robust two-slit emittance measurement optimized for the LEI SRF gun, compatible with the current LEI...
Especially when a high average current of 1 mA and more is required, it is important to protect photocathodes from overheating due to the absorbed laser power. Heat must be dissipated via the surrounding components and materials. This is largely limited by the low heat conductivity of usual high-voltage insulators, e.g. made of aluminum oxide. At the Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz, we...
Following the LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) project at CERN, the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB) has been upgraded to operate with a new injection kinetic energy of 160 MeV and an extraction energy of 2 GeV. To understand the performance of the accelerator in this new energy range, a series of measurements have been conducted, especially devoted to the beam stability to ensure the optimal...
The FCC-ee could allow the measurement of the electron Yukawa coupling via direct Higgs s-channel production at ~125 GeV center-of-mass energy, provided that the center-of-mass energy spread of this channel, can be reduced to about 5–10 MeV to be comparable to the width of the standard model Higgs boson. The natural collision-energy spread at 125 GeV, due to synchrotron radiation, is about 50...
This work describes improvements made to the tracking code PLACET2 to make it possible to simulate the acceleration from 250 MeV to 63 GeV in a future muon collider. This software was selected because of its unique ability to optimally simulate recirculating linacs, which are part of the proposed layout for this initial muon acceleration stage. PLACET2 has been updated to simulate...
The Micro Electron Diffraction for Ultrafast Structural Analysis (MEDUSA) beamline is an ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) beamline currently operational at Cornell. The MEDUSA beamline specializes in the study of small samples, with electron beam probe sizes down to the single micron scale. These samples can be pumped by lasers with wavelengths ranging from IR to UV. In this proceeding, we...
Optimization of thin film (TF) coating parameters for producing SRF cavities requires rapid testing of superconducting properties. A dedicated multiprobe facility built at Daresbury Lab, based on a liquid He free cryocooler, allows us to perform such measurements. The facility has vacuum tubular inserts where the sample probe is loaded and cooled with He gas. The experimental inserts were...
The magnetic measurements laboratory of the Frascati National Laboratories of INFN is one of the pole of the Innovative Research Infrastructure for applied Superconductivity (IRIS). This infrastructure aims at upgrading laboratories to carry out basic research on magnetism and superconducting materials, test of superconducting magnets, wires, tapes, cables. The LNF pole will be devoted to...
Accurate beam emittance and transverse phase space measurement are crucial for obtaining high-quality sample information in Ultrafast Electron Diffraction (UED). Traditional methods rely on general initial assumptions about the electron beam's phase space and lack specific distributions. The transverse phase space reconstruction technique based on the Computed Tomography (CT) algorithm...
This study is a review of WarpX, a particle-in-cell code optimized for high performance computing at the exascale, and its development towards the simulation of linear induction accelerators.
Superconducting materials, like V3Si, NbN, NbTiN and Nb3Sn, are potential alternatives to Nb for next generation thin film SRF cavities. In comparison to the Nb, their relatively high Tc could allow for operation at higher temperatures (≥ 4 K) and the higher critical field could lead to for higher accelerating gradients. We investigate optimum deposition parameters and substrates for V3Si,...
A novel soft X-ray BPM (sXBPM) for high-power white beams of synchrotron undulator radiation has been developed through a joint effort of BNL/NSLS-II and Stony Brook University. In our approach, custom-made multi-pixel GaAs detector arrays are placed into the outer portions of the X-ray beam, and the beam position is inferred from the pixel photocurrents. Our goal is to achieve micron-scale...
The Fermilab Side-Coupled Linac contains seven 805 MHz modules accelerating H- beam from 116 MeV to 400 MeV. Each module contains at least one wire scanner, yielding beam intensity at positions along a transverse direction. These wire scanners each contain three wires, mounted at different angles: "X", "Y", and 45° between "X" and "Y" to analyze coupling. Recently, a significant amount of...
Argonne National Laboratory is collaborating with MSU, HZDR, and SLAC on the design, fabrication, and testing of a prototype superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) gun for the LCLS-II-HE upgrade at SLAC. The gun cavity is a quarter-wave resonator with a frequency of 185.7 MHz. Despite careful calibration of the cavity field probe, there are still uncertainties in the RF measurements taken to...
Xsuite is a modular simulation package bringing to a single flexible and modern framework capabilities of different tools developed at CERN in the past decades notably MAD-X Sixtrack Sixtracklib COMBI and PyHEADTAIL. The suite consists of a set of Python modules (Xobjects, Xpart, Xtrack, Xcoll, Xfields, Xdeps) that can be flexibly combined together and with other accelerator-specific and...
