This tutorial addresses the realm of electrical, hybrid and specifically optical schemes for achieving a facility-wide synchronisation on the femtosecond level at free-electron lasers (FELs).
After a brief introduction to the fundamental principles behind FEL operation and the significance of synchronisation for fully utilising their capabilities. Subsequently, it discusses various methods...
Photonic time-stretch is a powerful method for recording electro-optic signals with terahertz bandwidth and high repetition rates. The method consist of modulating a chirped laser probe with the signal of interest. Then, the laser pulse is stretched it in time up to several nanoseconds, so that it can be read using an oscilloscope or ADC board. This technique has been shown to be efficient for...
