Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a binary targeted radiotherapy technique that exploits the high neutron-capture cross-section of Boron-10. The treatment planning system (TPS) is the essential component of the BNCT system used to make treatment plans for patients, which can simulate the treatment process, adjust the parameters in the irradiation process and calculate the dose in the...
This study presents the design and development of a new power supply intended to provide a highly stabilized current, serving as a replace-ment for an existing linear converter used in the main magnet of the NHS cyclotron. The power supply is capable of operating in DC mode with currents reaching up to 900 A. It employs a proven modular design approach, previously implemented in other...
- Introduction
44Sc is a novel radionuclide with a high branching ratio (Eβ+av=632 KeV, I = 94.3%), which is highly suitable for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, endowing it with broad application prospects in the field of nuclear medicine.
The preparation of 44Sc by 44Ca (p, n) 44Sc nuclear reaction in a cyclotron is the most widely used preparation method. In this study,...
Traditional safety management models for cyclotron operation and experiments, which address potential risks such as radiation safety, personal safety, and equipment safety, suffer from issues like information silos, insufficient dynamic response, and regulatory blind spots. This paper proposes and preliminarily designs a safety management system architecture based on "spatio-temporal full...
This paper summarizes recent progress in cyclotron research and development at Lanzhou University. In computational physics, a comprehensive time-domain beam dynamics code, RAYS, has been developed that solves the Newton-Lorentz equation using 4th or 5th order Runge-Kutta integrators to simulate particles from injection to extraction. RAYS supports synchrocyclotron modeling with a time-varying...
Low-level radio frequency (LLRF) systems play an essential role in cyclotron control, and the beam quality is closely tied to the overall performance of the RF system. Efforts have been carried out by the individuals of the China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE), focusing on the design of a self-excited digital LLRF system for ultra-lightweight high-temperature superconducting cyclotrons in...
In the operation system of a synchronous cyclotron, a broadband high-power RF power source plays an extremely important role. The RF power source is responsible for generating and providing high-frequency alternating electric fields, continuously injecting energy for particle acceleration. Its performance directly determines the acceleration efficiency, beam quality, and operational stability...
Abstract: To address dispersed inspection points, space constraints, and the difficulty of close-up human access in accelerator manufacturing workshops, this study develops a low-cost inspection prototype composed of a mobile base and a lightweight robotic arm, together with a manually operated PC-based supervisory interface (HMI). The system uses wired/wireless links to coordinate chassis...
Cyclotron design involves extensive computations for both individual accelerator systems and particle dynamics, requiring careful optimization of numerous interdependent parameters. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) into cyclotron design and operation is already demonstrating significant benefits, accelerating development, enhancing control, and...
A software tool has been designed which allows us to make isochronous cyclotron field maps. The rotational symmetry number, the center field, the particle properties, the maximum radius and the sector spiraling angle as function of radius can be freely chosen. Out of four radius-dependent parameters (flutter, hill-field, valley-field and sector azimuthal extent), the user can define two of...
- Introduction.
Germanium-68 (68Ge,T1/2=270.9 d) serves as a crucial precursor for the 68Ge/68Ga generator, which provides radionuclide gallium-68 (68Ga, T1/2=67.7 min). The present study aimed to develop an efficient and automated methodology for the separation and purification of 68Ge from the irradiated Ga-Ni alloy targets. - Method
The Ga-Ni alloy targets were dissolved in a mixture...
An axial injection system has been developed for the CIM30 cyclotron, which is designed to accelerate α-particles up to 30 MeV for medical isotope production of At-211. This system transports a 50–60 keV α-beam from an external ion source into the cyclotron center. Both transverse and longitudinal focusing are applied to ensure high beam extraction efficiency and quality. The injection line...
The dynamics of a proton beam in the MSC230 cyclotron were simulated. Since the maximum beam current is limited by extraction efficiency, an approach was employed, in which the beam trajectory started at the deflector with an emittance equal to its acceptance and ended at the entrance of the ion source. This method allows for a detailed characterization of the phase space boundaries for the...
A low energy collimator is being designed for the injection line of the C70XP cyclotron at Arronax. The context of its conception follows the studies that were performed with an Allison emittance-meter and several simple collimators*. The studies show the presence of offset beams, beamlets and hollow beams inside the injection line. The new dedicated collimator, based on four independent and...
Determining the energy of cyclotron beams is challenging. Calculating it from the machine settings typically results in an error of several percent. Higher accuracy requires measurement, but each developed measurement system has disadvantages: either the space requirement is large, the unit is destructive, or the signal evaluation is complicated. The Beam Energy Monitor (BEM) was designed to...
Conventional superconducting H₂⁺ cyclotrons are inherently limited in variable energy extraction, as the stripped particles spiral inward, constraining both trajectory control and beam quality. To meet the increasing demand for high-intensity, variable-energy beams across a wide range—particularly for applications in medical isotope production and proton FLASH therapy—this study presents the...
PSC250 is a superconducting synchrocyclotron used for producting 250MeV protons for cancer therapy. It's the first superconducting synchrocyclotron developped by CIM (Hefei CAS Ion Medical and Technical Devices Co., Ltd.) for its advantages in small size and low cost. A new program named CIMSC has been developped especially for beam dynamics calculation in synchrocyclotrons from ion source to...
The China Institute of Atomic Energy is developing an ultra-compact multi-particle superconducting cyclotron, which can provide two different ions, including a particle and H_2^+ with corresponding energies. To ensure convenient operation and stabilize the beam current, a PLC-based control system with comprehensive interlock protection has been developed. This paper presents the design of a...
For the treatment of major diseases such as cancer, Positron Emission Tomography(PET) nuclear medicine imaging technology has irreplaceable advantages over traditional imaging technology.At present, 18F-2-deoxyglucose (18F-FDG) is a widely used positron electron drug in clinical practice in China. Therefore, the Chinese Academy of Atomic Energy has carried out the research and development of...
At the CYC2022 conference, IBA presented its new 30 MeV proton accelerator. The first installation of this Cyclone® IKON, with four beam transmission lines and a beam energy of 30 down to 13 MeV, has now successfully been commissioned and is running at a customer site.
In this presentation we will go into the details of the accelerator’s performance, from its injection to its transmission,...
Focusing on high-power radio-frequency systems for ultra-lightweight high-temperature superconducting cyclotrons in special environments, we aim to make breakthroughs in key technologies that restrict the improvement of radio-frequency system reliability for highly automated cyclotrons. Research has been conducted on direct power combining technology and dynamic matching adjustment for...
The proposed cooling system is designed with a high reliability factor and considering the economic issues and costs based on the use of a 40 ton chiller for temperature changes of 4.5 to 10 degrees Celsius, which is able to continuously control the water temperature in this range.
In this system, the parts of magnet coil, cavity, power transmission line, ion spring and radiofrequency current...
Focusing on the high precision dose distribution monitoring in the spot scan beam delivery system of proton therapy, we design and fabricate a high-precision ionization chamber with multiple strip electrodes, ensuring a stable gain from the ionized pair. Based on advanced laser etching technology, using aluminum-plated polyimide film as the electrode material, we investigated multiple...
The China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) has de-veloped a multipurpose, high-intensity 18 MeV/1 mA cyclotron (CYCIAE-18) for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) applications and neutron imaging studies. The degree of beam homogenisation directly affects the uniformity of the dose distribution and the imaging contrast. In order to confirm that the pre-experimental condi-tions have been met,...
Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is a cell-level precision targeted treatment modality. This paper designs a scanning magnet system for an 18 MeV/1 mA proton cyclotron-based BNCT facility. By continuously scanning in both horizontal and vertical directions using two scanning magnets, the system delivers a flat-topped square beam density distribution of 100 mm × 100 mm with uniformity...
The intensity and quality of the extracted beam are critically influenced by the central region structure. Variations in the central region design can lead to difference in beam transmission efficiency, largely attributable to divergent acceleration dynamics during the initial few turns. In cyclotrons employing internal ion sources, the very low beam energy at the source outlet makes the beam...
In medical isotope production, target materials for dif-ferent isotopes exhibit significantly different physical properties. To improve nuclear reaction yield and effi-ciency, target structures of various specifications are required to produce different radioisotopes. However, multi-specification targets hinder automated production and increase on-site operation time. To reduce personnel...
Ever since the first non-classical isochronous cyclotron was invented in 1956, the stability of the isochronism of this kind of accelerator has been pursued for decades. For the CYCIAE-230 superconducting cyclotron, the matching between the RF frequency and the magnet field is even more challenging. A dedicated 2nd harmonic resonator has been designed, manufactured, and installed on the...
The 50 MeV medium-energy proton cyclotron device developed by China Institute of Atomic Energy provides important test conditions for space radiation environment simulation, space radiation protection design and application research. This accelerator fills the gap of proton and neutron irradiation test conditions in the energy range of 30 MeV to 50 MeV in China.
To provide a large-area and...
Beamline magnets are essential parts of an accelerator system in order to ensure final beam quality on the target. Thus it is necessary to conduct magnetic field measurement and shimming to ensure that ever magnet has sufficient field accuracy. CIAE is vigorously promoting the industrialization of cyclotrons and the promotion of design capabilities for other types of particle accelerator. In...
In order to achieve the magnetic field measurement work for the 50MeV proton cyclotron irradiation device, a fully automatic magnetic field measurement device based on the Hall effect method is designed, using non-magnetic materials G10 and PEEK with high strength and wear resistance, optimizing the gear ratio, reducing the weight of the device, and adjusting the magnetic field measurement...
Abstract: In Huludao a new base for the development center of the cyclotron is about to be built by China Institute of Atomic Energy. Two cyclotrons will be built in this facility. To prevent received overdose of radiation during the operation and commissioning, we designed a set of radiation monitoring and safety system for the machine. This system serves to protect the operating personnel...
This paper presents a comprehensive design study of the H⁻ injection line system for an 18 MeV compact high-current cyclotron. The injection line system, with a total length of 1310 mm, employs a configuration incorporating dual solenoids for transverse focusing and a buncher for longitudinal bunching. Beam transport design and space charge effect simulations were performed using specialized...
To bridge the gap between conventional X-ray tubes and large-scale X-ray generation facilities, we have developed a Desktop Hard X-ray Source. This device provides higher X-ray intensity compared with traditional X-ray tubes while maintaining advantages of compactness, low cost, and ease of operation. The device consists of three main components: an injector, a beam transport line, and a...
Abstract
The Low-Level Radio Frequency (LLRF) system is crucial for amplitude and phase control in modern parti-cle accelerators. Traditional amplitude and phase de-modulation methods often require the sampling frequen-cy to be multiple of the high-frequency signal, leading to limited general applicability. To address this issue, this paper proposes a generic tuning control method,...
The development of a 100 MeV Spiral-Sector cyclotron, which is capable of extracting a beam with a rated power exceeding 50 kW, is in progress at The China Institute of Atomic Energy. Such a machine is designed for the production of medical radioisotopes for nuclear medicine. The basic parameters of the isochronous cyclotron magnet and its characteristics are described. An isochronous magnetic...
Recently, the Special Environmental Science and Application Infrastructure for Materials and Devices (SEMD), proposed by Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), has commenced construction. It is dedicated to investigating the mechanisms governing the influence of special service environments on materials/devices. Within the SEMD facility, a medium-to-high-energy Proton Irradiation Research...
Modern compact cyclotrons have multiple system components and are used for isotope research, neutron imaging and BNCT. All these applications demand that the cyclotron possesses high reliability. Focusing on the series of compact high-current cyclotrons of the China Institute of Atomic Energy, a control system architecture is constructed in this paper, which effectively improves the stability...
To address the beam diagnostics requirements of multiple cyclotrons at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE), a multi-channel digital beam diagnostics electronics system based on current-to-voltage (IV) conversion was developed. The IV conversion circuit integrates high-precision operational amplifiers with ultra-low bias current and low-temperature-drift resistors. The system implements a...
This research focuses on making compact cyclotrons genuinely reconfigurable without hardware changes (matchbox) with digitally timed, wide-range RF/voltage source.
We propose a concept that introduces a digitally agile acceleration-voltage source that replaces an analogue sinusoidal RF drive with a programmable, soft-edged square-pulse waveform. The Digital Soft Square Wave Generator (DISWAG)...
Proton radiation dominates space radiation (∼90%) and threatens deep space missions, yet its effects on gut microbiota at mission-relevant doses (0.1-1 Gy) are unclear. This study assessed impacts in BALB/c mice exposed to whole-body proton irradiation (0, 0.1, or 1 Gy; 100 MeV cyclotron). Fecal samples (day 3 post-irradiation) underwent 16S rRNA sequencing. Results revealed a dose threshold:...
Medical radioactive isotopes play an increasingly critical role in nuclear medicine. Accelerator-based production of medical isotopes offers advantages including simplified regulatory approvals, operational flexibility, system safety, and lower costs, making it an important production method. This study proposes a multi-isotope co-production system utilizing electron accelerators. The...
In this study, we investigated the feasibility of accelerating helium ions with the COLUMBUS educational cyclotron, which until now had been operated exclusively with hydrogen ions. The primary questions addressed were whether helium ions can be successfully accelerated under the existing experimental conditions, and whether He-3 ions can be detected in the beam.
These questions were first...
Sichuan Longevous Beamtech is currently developing a tri-particle cyclotron LB-30TP. The LB-30TP cyclotron is designed to be able to accelerate protons(H-) between 13 and 35MeV, deuterons(D-) between 6.5 and 17.5MeV, and alpha particles(He2+) up to 30MeV.
To compensate the difference of relativistic effects between H- and D- beams, two sets of tuning coils are winded around each pole base,...
The use of AVF cyclotrons for proton therapy in hospitals has been on the rise in recent years. However, further miniaturization is essential for wider adoption. Our company has previously succeeded in reducing the size of conventional AVF cyclotrons for proton therapy to approximately 60% of their original dimensions by implementing superconducting technology.
While synchrocyclotrons are...
The imaging accuracy of proton radiography critically depends on the beam transfer matrix defined by magnetic lenses. However, fringe field effects introduce nonlinear magnetic components, causing deviations from the ideal hard-edge model and limiting the performance of con-ventional optics designs. In this study, we systematically investigate methods for precise characterization and...
To increase the beam transmission efficiency, a new buncher has been installed on the injection line of the HIRFL injector cyclotron SFC. This new buncher uses saw-tooth RF waveform with an effective voltage of up to 2.54 kV and operates at half of the SFC cyclotron RF frequency. With this half-frequency matching mode, we achieve 100% theoretical longitudinal matching between the injector SFC...
It is inevitable to carry out beam diagnostics inside the superconducting cyclotron used for proton therapy at the application site. Radial probe plays an essential role in the field of beam diagnostics for SC cyclotrons. Years of efforts have been put forward by a group in the China Institute of Atomic Energy, focusing on advancing the beam diagnostics probe and readout electronics for the...
Compact cyclotrons need kilovolt Radiofrequency in the MHz range, yet product changeovers increasingly demand drives that can retune frequency, amplitude, and duty cycle. We report the design and experimental validation of a high-voltage, low-MHz transformer/matching network tailored for a digitally synthesized, soft-square Class-D driver. The method co-optimizes magnetizing inductance,...
The Interest Public Group ARRONAX's C70XP cyclotron, used for radioisotope production for medical and research applications, relies on complex and costly systems that are prone to failures, leading to operational disruptions. In this context, research is being conducted to develop an active machine learning method for early anomaly detection to enhance system performance. One of the most...
Compact high-intensity cyclotrons are increasingly important for isotope production worldwide. The SK1000 is a proposed superconducting cyclotron designed to accelerate H₃⁺ ions to 120 MeV/u. It features a large main magnet with a height of 2.99 m, a diameter of 7.58 m, and an outer sector radius of 2.25 m. The manufacturing and installation of a magnet of this scale inevitably introduce field...
The upgrade of the Superconducting Cyclotron at INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud in Catania is aimed at improving its performance in terms of intensity of light ions, as well as in terms of reliability. In the framework of the upgrade, a key milestone has been the magnetic field measurements of the new superconducting magnet, with the following goals: a) to implement a measurement procedure...
Sichuan Longevous Beamtech is currently developing a new tri-particle cyclotron LB-30TP. The LB-30TP cyclotron is designed to be able to accelerate protons(H-) between 13 and 35MeV, deuterons(D-) between 6.5 and 17.5MeV, and alpha particles(He2+) up to 30MeV.
The proton and deuteron beams are generated by a multi-cusp ion source, while the alpha particle beams are generated by an ECR ion...
The 30 MeV Karaj-C30 cyclotron, developed for medical and industrial radioisotope production at the Karaj Research Institute for Agricultural, Medical, and Industrial Studies, accelerates H- ions to 15–30 MeV and D- ions below 15 MeV. The system features a filament-based negative hydrogen multicusp ion source providing 1–2 mA, an injection line with optical elements, a two-sector...
When exploring the design of constant-tune (isochronous) cyclotron magnets, we found it useful to employ dipole magnets with a variable gap height, allowing fine control of the radial field profile. To determine the optimal gap-shape profile that produces a prescribed magnetic field distribution, we employ an iterative search using 3D finite-element simulations (e.g., OPERA). To minimize the...
Abstract:
Superconducting ring cyclotrons (SRCs) are widely studied as drivers in accelerator-driven systems (ADS) for thorium-based molten-salt energy amplifiers, owing to their capability of delivering high-energy and high-intensity beams. This poster presents the magnet system design of an H₂⁺ superconducting separated-sector cyclotron with an extracted beam energy of 800 MeV/amu for ADS...
In pursuit of enhanced beam current and spatial efficiency in high-intensity cyclotrons, this study investigates a novel accelerator concept: the use of multiple axially separated orbits (multi-plane) operating under a common magnet system. A key challenge in such a configuration is maintaining isochronism across distinct axial planes, which critically depends on the uniformity of the magnetic...
Cyclotron-based proton therapy systems have become the mainstream equipment in modern radiation oncology. Their therapeutic efficacy critically depends on the precise control of key beam parameters such as intensity and energy. In clinical applications, energy modulation is typically achieved by a degrader. However, it inevitably induces large dynamic fluctuations in beam intensity. In...
In the previous cyclotron conference, an analytical prediction for the energy limit of isochronous cyclotrons was presented. The current paper shows numerical results to validate this model. For this purpose, extensive use is made of a tool that creates artificial isochronous magnetic field maps; a tool that is the subject of another contribution to this conference. A wide range of field maps...
High-intensity proton cyclotrons have widespread applications in scientific research, medical treatments, and industrial processes. As cyclotron technology continues to evolve, the trend leans toward more compact designs with increased beam intensity. Our proposed design involves a 120 MeV/u superconducting H3+ cyclotron named SK1000, capable of achieving 3 times the operational beam intensity...
This paper presents preliminary steps for the shimming of IRANCYC-10 cyclotron magnet. Shimming, as a crucial step in magnet fabrication, significantly contributes to improving particle acceleration quality, beam stability, and the precision of output energy. Since some shimming procedures—such as pole edge trimming—are irreversible, they require a high degree of accuracy. In this study, the...
Magnetic alloy-loaded RF cavities are critical components in scaling Fixed-Field Alternating Gradient (FFAG) accelerators, enabling ultra-high acceleration gradients and broad frequency operation without tuning. As FFAG accelerators advance toward higher power applications, enhanced cavity performance through improved magnetic core design becomes essential. Current large-scale magnetic cores...
Ion source is an important subsystem in accelerators, which employ electromagnetic fields to accelerate charged particles to generate ion beams. Accelerators are essential facilities for advancing multidisciplinary research and developing technological applications, such as production of medically relevant radioisotopes and ion beam irradiation of cyclotrons. Among the various ion source...
As a high-end scientific research instrument, the stability, reliability, and safe operation of a particle cyclotron accelerator are crucial. Traditional on-site control methods limit the flexibility of researchers, especially when timely responses to equipment status or long-term experiments are required. This study aims to design and implement a remote monitoring system for the particle...
Nowadays, there are almost 5 million new patients every year who get cancer in China. However isotope drugs are not enough according to this large numbers of patients. A compact cyclotron with 16-MeV proton is designed for current tough situation to product isotopes.
The diameter of the core part of this compact cyclotron is less than 60 cm. Physics simulation has been done by the CODE...
High-current compact cyclotrons face strong space-charge limitations during axial injection, where the low-energy proton beam expands before reaching the inflector. We present a novel plasma-assisted neutralization module designed as a drop-in element between the final solenoid and the inflector entrance. The device consists of a short solenoid surrounding a beamline cell operated at...
To address the requirements of modern cyclotrons for high-precision, high-reliability, and high-scalability operation and experimentation, as well as to overcome the limitations of traditional centralized measurement and control systems—such as high single-point failure risks, poor scalability, and bottlenecks in mass data processing and storage—this paper proposes and preliminarily designs a...
This paper presents beam dynamics studies for the CSNS-FFAG accelerator, designed for 50kW proton beams at 25Hz repetition rate. We report on orbit correction and betatron tune measurement methods developed for this fixed-field alternating gradient machine.
The research program of Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (JINR) in the synthesis of Super Heavy Elements and in applied research requires the production of intense accelerated beams of solid materials. Constant developments are being made to broaden the range of available beams for physics.
In this paper we report the results of production Ti ion beams by plasma sputtering. The...
A superconducting cyclotron-based proton therapy system has been developed at the Chengdu Cyclotron Science and Technology Co., Ltd. (CCST). For a cyclotron-based proton therapy system, the ion chamber at the nozzle is crucial for both the therapy system and the adaptation of the planning system. In practice, to achieve low noise measurement, the existing system is equipped with 256 triaxial...
Muon beams are powerful research tools with applications in both particle physics and condensed matter physics. However, surface muon beams suffer from high emittance. Several facilities (PSI, RAL, J-PARC) are developing cooling devices to mitigate this issue, but these devices inevitably reduce the beam’s kinetic energy. To address this challenge, the project explores a compact muon cyclotron...
To monitor the beam energy and transverse distribution of the 50 MeV proton cyclotron facility in Huairou, a fixed-spacing strip ionization chamber is planned for development. Based on factors affecting the measurement accuracy of flat-panel ionization chambers, Monte Carlo simulation software such as Geant4 and Srim was employed to calculate parameters including energy deposition and particle...
Medical cyclotrons are widely used in cancer treatment,nuclear medicine imaging,biophysical research,and other fields,all of which require stable and safe operation.To meet the long-term stable operational requirements of a 14MeV medical cyclotron,a control system for the cyclotron was designed and implemented.This paper first introduces the overall architecture of the control system,followed...
With the growing demand for neutrons in applications such as detector calibration, device irradiation, and cross-section measurements, neutron sources are advancing toward higher energy and higher flux. In Beijing, China, two neutron beamlines, a quasi-monoenergetic one and a white light one, based on a proton cyclotron with a maximum energy of 50 MeV is under construction and preparation. We...
Ultra-compact SC cyclotrons for high-intensity medical isotope production pose unprecedented central region design challenges. Strong magnetic fields, compact geometry, and intense space charge effects generate complex focusing conditions where conventional design approaches prove inadequate. In the central region, magnetic focusing is negligible due to minimal azimuthal field variation, while...
Beam transport line of uniformization is an essential step before beam shooting and plays a critical role in applications such as neutron imaging and isotope production. In practical experiments, particle beams generated by cyclotrons typically exhibit an approximately Gaussian intensity distribution. Local bright spots on the targets for high-power Gaussian beams create difficult cooling...
This study describes the production of $^{68}\text{Ga}$ by irradiating an enriched $^{68}\text{ZnCl}_2$ liquid target with a 12 MeV, 50 μA proton beam in a cyclotron. The post-irradiation products were first simulated, and a simulated solution was prepared based on the computational results.
This solution was adjusted to approximately pH 5.0 and subsequently loaded onto a pre-conditioned...
In order to enhance the coating quality of tantalum-based electroplated nickel targets for the production of ⁶⁴Cu radionuclides, and to address issues such as thin and easily detachable nickel coatings in conventional targets, this study systematically investigated the pretreatment processes of tantalum substrates, the composition of the plating bath, and electroplating parameters. The effects...
This study compares the production of $^{68}\text{Ge}$ using proton irradiation on two types of targets: an electroplated gallium-nickel alloy solid target and a niobium-encapsulated capsule with natural gallium. The alloy target was prepared on copper via electroplating, while the capsule was designed and fabricated to be irradiated in a cyclotron. The generated $^{68}\text{Ge}$ was then...
The PEPITES* profiler was originally designed for continuous operation on medium-energy (O(100 MeV)) charged particle accelerators. Its ultra-thin structure relies on secondary electron emission (SEE) to generate signals. It has successfully measured the positions and profiles of various hadron beams across a wide dynamic range.
This innovative device consists of 50 nm gold strips deposited...
A new technology research of a high-current H2+ small cyclotron is in progress at China Institute of Atomic Energy. The cyclotron is designed based on a RFQ injection line, which is expected to break through the current limit of the small cyclotron and bring the current of the small cyclotron to above 3mA. This project is designed to achieve a particle energy of 10MeV, and the theoretical...
China Institute of Atomic Energy is upgrading the injection line of the 100MeV high current compact H- cyclotron (CYCIAE-100) with the aim of extracting mA level beam from the cyclotron to meet growing scientific research and commercial application demands, ultimately aiming to establish the world's highest beam power cyclotron facility. The buncher upgrade represents a critical component of...
Accelerator based neutron sources generate a large number of secondary electrons during operation. For example, secondary electrons generated by cyclotrons will change the spatial distribution of the beam and reduce the stability of the beam. Secondary electrons generated by neutron generators will flow back to the ion source, increase the load of the high-voltage power supply, and affect the...
Actinium-225 is a radionuclide of significant interest in the field of Targeted Alpha Particle Radiotherapy (TAT), with its targeted drugs showing promising applications for prostate cancer, brain tumours, neuroendocrine tumours, and more. One of the primary approaches being explored by major international laboratories for the commercial production of $^{225}\text{Ac}$ involves the spallation...
High-abundance stable isotopes of nickel possess broad applications and significant demand, which can be prepared using the electromagnetic separation method. The core equipment of an electromagnetic separator for isotope separation is the ion source. To improve the heating efficiency of the traditional Calutron ion source, an electromagnetically induced heating-type ion source is designed....
The HIRFL-SSC employs a resonance free extraction method. In the h=4 mode, the larger turn separation allows for single-turn extraction and the extraction efficiency is high, whereas in the h=2 mode, the smaller turn separation results in lower extraction efficiency. To improve the SSC transmission efficiency, simulations were conducted to analyze the extraction efficiency and acceptance under...
In accelerator physics, lattice optimization is a foundational step for subsequent work. Traditional optimization methods face problems that balancing several input parameters with conflicting optimization objectives and the prohibitive computational cost of key physics simulations, particularly for Dynamic Aperture (DA). As a part of the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) FFAG project,...
Ultra-compact multi-particle SC cyclotron being developed by CIAE is intended to be a high intensity cyclotron, especially for H2+ particle and particle acceleration. Two half-wavelength RF cavities are installed in the valleys of the main magnet independently. The high dynamic beam loading requires high reliability and robust for RF cavity. The structural design and machining process for...
Achieving the design goal of a collision luminosity of 1035 cm-2s-1 for the Super Tau-Charm Facility (STCF) poses a critical challenge in optimizing the performance of the injected positron damping ring. This damping ring must damp a 1 GeV positron beam with a large injected transverse emittance (>1400 nm·rad) to an extracted transverse emittance below 11...
Particle therapy gantries are essential for modern radiation therapy, requiring precise beam spot control to ensure dose delivery accuracy during multi-angle irradiation. However, gantry rotation alters the relative positions of optical components, affecting beam spot characteristics. Current solutions each offer distinct advantages under different system conditions. A unified theoretical...
The China Institute of Atomic Energy is developing a 30 MeV high-current cyclotron. To meet the injection requirements of the accelerator, this paper presents the injection line design and particle tracking simulation calculations. The injection line employs a combination of electromagnetic lenses for beam focusing. The overall injection field spans 1.19 m and consists of electrostatic lenses,...
The study of radiation effects and radiation-hardening technology has become increasingly demanding for modern proton cyclotrons in the middle energy range. To meet this requirement, the China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) has designed and constructed a dedicated irradiation terminal downstream of the beamline, following the telescope section, for the CYCIAE-230 superconducting cyclotron...
A neutron source based on the 18 MeV cyclotron is designed for thermal neutron imagine. A groove is usually designed at the thermal neutron exit to improve the thermal neutron flux. To further improve the thermal neutron flux and decrease the gamma in the neutron beam, some cerium sticks are placed in the neutron port. Because the thermal neutron reaction cross-section in cerium is smaller...
With the development of the aerospace industry, the duration of astronauts' stay in space has significantly increased, and space radiation has become one of the major threats to their health. Vascular endothelial cells are relatively sensitive to ionizing radiation, and their dysfunction is closely associated with the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. Currently, the damage mechanism of...
For modern medical cyclotrons the acceleration of beams of negatively or positively charged protons is most widespread. As a rule, negatively charged ions are extracted from cyclotron by recharging on a thin carbon foil. It is a easy realization method. However, to produce negatively charged protons, a complex system of external injection is usually used. Besides, the effect of electromagnetic...
At the present time, the activities on reconstruction of U400 to U400R cyclotron are carried out at the FLNR, JINR. The new multipurpose U400R cyclotron is intended for production of high intensity, up to 2.5 pmkA, beams of heavy ions from Helium to Uranium with mass to charge ratio A/Z= 4 - 12. The magnetic structure of the new cyclotron will provide a wide range of the magnetic field level...
An 18MeV/1mA high-current cyclotron has been designed and constructed at the China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE). In this cyclotron, H⁻ ions are accelerated and extracted via carbon stripping foils. To analyze beam loss in this high-current machine, beam dynamics simulations were performed based on measured magnetic field data. The simulations account for beam oscillations, phase slippage,...
Cancer has become one of the important factors threatening human life and health, and methods for treating cancer are constantly being studied and explored. It is an urgent demand in the healthcare to treat cancer by rays. Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is given increasing amount of attention due to its ability of selective cancer cell killing. The BNCT neutron source based on the 18...
Ironless superconducting cyclotrons, with their advantages of strong magnetic field, compact size, ultralight weight and less sensitive to ambient temperature, show broad application prospects in many areas, such as isotope production, proton irradiation, etc. However, compared to conventional room temperature cyclotron with iron yokes, using superconducting coils as magnet poles and operating...
To enhance the reliability and service life of a metallic beryllium (Be) target used in a cyclotron-based neutron source under high-beam-power conditions, this study presents the design and numerical simulation of a solid Be target with a back-cooling structure. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed to analyze the thermal effects induced by a proton beam with an energy...
Abstract: As a fourth-generation nuclear reactor concept, molten salt reactors (MSRs) have unique advantages in safety, economy, and nonproliferation, but online fuel salt treatment remains immature. To avoid complex online fuel treatment, the Thorium-Based Molten Salt Fast Energy Amplifier (TMSFEA) concept was proposed. Compared with traditional Accelerator-Driven Subcritical (ADS) systems,...
The INFN-LNS is proceeding with the upgrade of the Superconducting Cyclotron, the final goal is the increasing of extraction efficiency to reach a beam power up to 10 kW. RF systems are also undergoing significant changes through several upgrades. The new control system architecture presented will be able to manage the LLRF system, HLRF devices, and beam pulsing systems on a single hardware...
The 70 MeV cyclotron in use at Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro at INFN was designed to deliver proton current up to 0.75 mA. Being designed as a relatively high current cyclotron, little attention was dedicated to the possibility to operate at low currents in the order of few tens of nA. On the other side, it is very interesting to try to increase the deliverable current near or above the 1 mA...
Using a split coaxial radio frequency quadrupole accelerator (RFQ) as the injector for a small-scale high-intensity cyclotron and adopting a bottom-to-top injection method, the aim is to fundamentally break through the flow intensity limit of the small-scale high-intensity cyclotron. Improving the vacuum level of the RFQ injector can effectively reduce the risk of micro-spark discharge,...
We present ZycloSim 2000, a software package developed to simulate the motion of ions in a classical, non-relativistic cyclotron. The program is primarily designed for educational purposes and is employed in workshops and laboratory courses to illustrate cyclotron dynamics and to investigate the resonance condition in detail.
The code allows the user to adjust a wide range of parameters,...
