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The High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) upgrade imposes stringent requirements on optics design and correction to achieve its performance goals while maintaining beam stability, sufficient aperture margins, and controlled sensitivity to alignment and field imperfections. Among the explored configurations, flat optics—featuring asymmetric $\beta$-functions at the interaction points—has been proposed as an alternative to the conventional round-optics scheme, particularly in scenarios where crab cavities are not fully deployed. This configuration can be implemented early in the squeeze cycle and offers several advantages, such as reduced impedance, a modified beam–beam interaction pattern, and potential performance improvements. Focusing on the optics at the end of luminosity leveling for the HL-LHC version 1.9, this paper discusses the main design challenges to be addressed—such as improving dynamic aperture while satisfying phase-advance constraints for machine protection—and presents the achieved flat-optics configurations together with their key figures of merit. Research supported by the HL-LHC project.
| In which format do you inted to submit your paper? | LaTeX |
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