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Description
The series of SMAUG experiments performed at the HiRadMat facility within the CERN accelerator complex investigated the performance limits of materials suitable for particle beam windows under extreme proton beam conditions. Materials including; Glassy Carbon, Beryllium (grades I-220-H, S-200-FH, PF-60®), and Silicon Nitride (Si₃N₄) were exposed to 440 GeV/c proton beams with total intensities up to 2.8x10^15 protons and beam spot sizes ranging from σ 0.5mm to 0.25mm. Multiple configurations (SMAUG 1, 1.5, and 2) simulated high intensity operational conditions, also replicated previous failures observed in TT66 Be windows. Post-irradiation analysis included leak detection, optical microscopy, SEM, and 3D topology measurements, combined with FLUKA beam energy simulations to demonstrate material performance.
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