Speaker
Description
The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) operates a large number of in vacuum undulators (IVUs) and cryogenic permanent magnet undulators (CPMUs). Eight IVUs and nine CPMUs are currently in service, and a few more are under construction or planned. CPMU technology is used to build short period undulators with a wide tuning range. These insertion devices generate intense high order harmonics and can reach high photon energies — typically up to 100 keV at the ESRF. When a CPMU is installed at the centre of a straight section it can be set to a smaller gap, which allows the undulator period to be reduced. Two undulators can also be placed upstream and downstream of each other and phased with a phase shifter. A major limitation of this approach is the heat load on the photon front ends and on the optical elements of the beamlines. This problem can be mitigated by combining a tunable device with a short period, almost monochromatic in vacuum undulator dedicated to a single photon energy. The various layouts of the ESRF IVU/CPMU straight sections will be presented, together with the CPMU operating experience, construction and installation trends, and future developments.
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