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At the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, nearly 3600 detectors distributed along the arcs and at each collimator form the Beam Loss Monitoring (BLM) system. They are responsible for protecting the machine against energy deposition from beam losses by requesting a beam extraction when the measured signals are above certain predetermined thresholds. However, the setup of these thresholds is complex and requires a combination of simulations and measurements.
In preparation for the High Luminosity-LHC (HL-LHC) era, the beam intensity has been pushed from 1.4e11 to 1.8e11 protons per bunch during the LHC Run 3. With this higher intensity, more power is required in the radio-frequency cavities to capture the beam at the start of the energy ramp and reduce beam losses due to off-momentum particles.
The present limitation on maximum allowed beam losses on the off-momentum collimation region is around 60 kW and comes from the theoretical quench limit of the matching quadrupole magnets in cell 6 (Q6) which are based on the initial LHC magnet quench models. Supported by simulations, a dedicated machine development test took place in 2025 to assess in two steps if 200 kW and 500 kW beam losses from off-momentum particles could be sustained in the off-momentum collimation section without quenching the Q6 magnets. This paper describes the procedure of the test carried out and discusses the main findings in terms of the power loss reached and the recorded loss patterns.
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