This paper presents the application of BeamTracking.jl, a key package in the Julia based SciBmad software ecosystem for differentiable accelerator physics simulations. This study demonstrates the use of phase space tomography to reconstruct the 2D phase space distribution of a particle beam. Using the SciBmad tracking package BeamTracking.jl, the phase space distribution of the beam can be...
The ion channel laser (ICL) is similar to the free electron laser (FEL) but utilizes the electric field from a blowout regime plasma wake rather than the magnetic field from an undulator to oscillate particles. Compared to the FEL, the ICL can lase with much larger energy spread beams and in much shorter distances, making it an attractive candidate for a future compact plasma accelerator...
ReBCO high-temperature superconducting (HTS) tape is critical for achieving the high magnetic fields needed in next-generation particle accelerators. Enhancing the mechanical performance of ReBCO tape increases its critical current by reducing internal stress, especially in the superconducting layer. A finite element study examined how copper layer properties affect stress in ReBCO conductor...
A frequent occurrence within industrial particle accelerator systems is electromagnetic noise accumulating within RF Cavity Sensor readings, attributed to their electromagnetically dirtier operating environments and production, with less of an emphasis on their performance optimization. This phenomenon prevents signals from accurately relaying information to beam operators and specialists....
Compact RF structures in the sub-terahertz regime are promising for structure wakefield acceleration due to their ability in achieving high gradients in a reduced footprint. We report on the design, fabrication, and testing of a metallic corrugated waveguide operating at 110 GHz, tailored to the 42 MeV electron beam parameters at the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA). The experiment utilized...
Performance drift over long periods of operation due to changes in machines settings or the environment has been a longstanding problem for particle accelerators. Algorithms which are capable of tuning machine settings while keeping the performance within a desired threshold can be used to compensate for such drifts. We have developed a modified version of the Multi-Generation Gaussian Process...
The properties of the photoemitting electron sources are the most determining factors contributing to the performance of the most advanced electron accelerator applications such as particle colliders, X-ray free electron lasers, ultra-fast electron diffraction and microscopy experiments. Therefore, low mean transverse energy (MTE), high quantum efficiency (QE) along with long operational...
In order to reach the nearest star Proxima Centauri within a century, a distance of 4.224 light-years from our solar system, the average spacecraft velocity needs to be 4.2% of the speed of light. Therefore, according to the rocket equation, the weighted average exhaust velocity needs to be over 1% of the speed of light for reasonable ratios of dry mass to fuel mass. The fusion reactor...
Neutron scattering experiments are crucial for the exploration of molecular structure in compounds. The HB-2A neutron powder diffractometer at the High Flux Isotope Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory conducts magnetic studies of samples by illuminating them with different energy neutron beams and recording the scattered neutrons. Proper and consistent alignment of the sample is necessary...
Neutron scattering experiments are a critical tool for the investigation of molecular structure in compounds. The HB-2A neutron powder diffractometer at the High Flux Isotope Reactor at ORNL conducts magnetic studies of samples by illuminating them with different energy neutron beams and recording the scattered neutrons. Proper identification and alignment of samples during an experiment is...
We present a data-driven characterisation of the photocathode gun at the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA) using Bayesian inference, combined with OPAL beam dynamics simulations. Our methodology employs readily available YAG screen diagnostics to perform calibration across a range of experimental conditions, including varying cathode voltages, laser profiles, and beam currents. By...
Accurate studies of particle behavior in accelerator chambers require precise magnetic field maps with regard to the iron geometry. We generated a realistic magnetic-field map for the 76-inch cyclotron at Crocker Nuclear Lab using COMSOL Multiphysics, then imported it into the OPAL (Object-Oriented Parallel Accelerator Library) software to model particle trajectories. It accurately simulates...
The advancement of high-field magnets utilizing high-temperature superconductors (HTS) brings about complex challenges, especially in quench detection and protection. Traditional methods often fall short due to the inherently slow quench propagation in HTS materials. One promising approach to overcome this involves using a bifilar winding configuration, where two conductors are placed side by...
Nb₃Sn, with its superior superconducting critical temperature (Tc ~18.3 K) and superheating field (Hsh ~400 mT), is considered a promising material for superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) cavities, offering enhanced cryogenic performance compared to bulk niobium cavities. A Nb₃Sn coating technique has been developed for Nb SRF cavities using co-sputtering of Nb-Sn composite target in a DC...
Our work addresses the challenge of estimating spin po-
larization in high-energy electron and positron storage rings,
such as the Electron Storage Ring (ESR) of the Electron-Ion
Collider (EIC) at Brookhaven National Lab (BNL) and those
in the electron/positron Future Circular Collider (FCC-ee)
at CERN. We model the spin and orbital motion of particle
bunches using the recently...
This work explores the application of machine learning methods to predict the luminosity of the VEPP-4M electron-positron collider. Historical data collected during operation are used to train and evaluate several machine learning models. A comparative analysis is conducted to assess the performance of different modeling approaches. The study aims to investigate whether data-driven methods can...
RF breakdown is the major limitation to achieving higher accelerating gradients. Recent experimental evidence shows that this limitation can be mitigated by reducing the RF pulse length to a few nanoseconds. One key challenge in designing an accelerator operating in the short-pulse regime is achieving the required short filling time. In this work, we designed a novel waveguide power splitter...
In support of the development of a conduction-cooled 915MHz superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cryomodule, this study highlights the design of a shipping fixture for transporting the hermetic assembly 4500 km from Jefferson Lab to General Atomics in San Diego, California. The hermetic assembly consists of a 2-cell 915 MHz SRF cavity, a coaxial fundamental power coupler and warm-to-cold...
Optical stochastic cooling (OSC) is a cutting-edge beam cooling technology to reduce, control the 3 dimensional spread and the motion of particle beams. It has recently been successfully, experimentally, demonstrated in Fermilab's IOTA storage ring, marking a major step forward in beam cooling. OSC has the potential to significantly improve both the performance and flexibility as a beam...
We report progress on the design of a Phase Diversity Electro-Optic Sampling (DEOS)-based longitudinal profile measurement system. The current design uses THz coherent transition radiation (CTR) to convey the bunch’s longitudinal information. A 1550nm fiber laser available at the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator facility will be used as the probe for electro-optic sampling. Specifically, we...
Positive-Ion Injector at ATLAS accelerator facility can accelerate heavy ions and has three key subsystems -- an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source, a 12-MHz multi-stage beam bunching system, and a 12-MV superconducting linac accelerator. The first stage of the bunching system is a multi-harmonic buncher that operates at 12.125 MHz and creates a bunch train with a period of 82.5 ns...
Monte Carlo simulations are a powerful tool for modeling photoemission from photocathodes, enabling the prediction of key parameters such as quantum efficiency, mean transverse energy, electron spin polarization, and photocathode response time. However, these simulations require material band structure parameters, which are not always available from experiments. This work aims to establish a...
We present here the introduction of optimization to LUME-ACE3P (LUME: Lightsource Unified Modeling Environment; ACE3P: Advanced Computational Electromagnetics 3D Parallel). LUME-ACE3P is a Python wrapper that streamlines workflows for ACE3P, a suite of finite element solvers for electromagnetic fields in complex geometries. LUME-ACE3P offers parameter sweep capabilities, which was previously...
It has been shown that a transverse deflecting cavity (TDC)-based de-chirper can be made by altering the drift sections in a TDC-based chirper to form negative drifts. While five appropriately configured quadrupole magnets can implement such negative drifts, this approach is limited by spatial and experimental constraints. In this study, we investigate an alternative configuration that uses...
Optimizing accelerator lattices requires evaluating phase space densities through extended or repeated particle-in-cell simulations. These are computationally expensive due to the need to solve the equations of motion for large numbers of charged particles in prescribed and self-consistent fields. We introduce a method that significantly reduces the computational burden by constructing...
Non-destructive diagnostics able to resolve transverse offsets and longitudinal separation of ultra-relativistic, two-bunch electron beams are necessary for a variety of applications including the ion channel laser (ICL) and other plasma wakefield (PWFA) experiments. A prototype electro-optic beam positioning monitor (EOS-BPM) utilizing two independent laser pulses traveling through a pair of...
Idealized models predict beam moments and envelopes, but not the detailed beam structure within those envelopes. We explore in experiment and simulation the interplay of space charge and angular momentum with realistic beam distributions in a low-energy transport system. Our realistic phase space distributions derive from direct experimental measurements near the beam source. The platform for...
A series of simulations and beam studies were conducted at Fermilab’s linear accelerator to evaluate the effectiveness of longitudinal emittance control via laser-induced photoionization. While similar laser techniques have been employed at Fermilab to enhance injection and extraction efficiency into the Booster, the work presented here focuses on extending these methods to bunch-by-bunch...
The following work will detail the development and implementation of a system which will measure the voltage and current from two points on a high-voltage switch called a thyratron and automatically manipulate two variable transformers controlling these values. Each of the extraction kickers at LANSCE (SRFK71 & SRFK81) uses a thyratron to trigger their respective pulses. The thyratrons have...
The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab imposes stringent requirements on the elimination of out-of-time beam in its pulsed proton beam - a requirement known as "extinction". We present a method to measure the out-of-time particle rates to calculate the level of extinction in the inter-pulse gaps, and data measured from beam tests. The proposed method utilizes an array of quartz Cherenkov radiators...
Symplecticity of transfer maps is important for reliable evaluation of space-charge dominated beams in accelerators. Unfortunately, most simulation codes that include collective effects, such as space charge, do not use canonical phase-space variables and therefore are not symplectic in the presence of electromagnetic fields. In this paper, we present a numerical method to extract symplectic...
The UC Davis Crocker Nuclear Laboratory (CNL) operates a 76-inch Isochronous Cyclotron dating to the 1960s. Recent experiments have revealed unexplained beam behavior, which cannot be directly measured with the current diagnostics. Direct measurements of the beam in the Cyclotron are challenging due to the harsh environment, including high radiation, strong magnetic fields, RF interference,...
A wakefield experiment at the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA) facility utilizes flat electron beams with highly asymmetric transverse emittances to drive plasma wakefields in the underdense regime. These beams create elliptical blowout structures, producing asymmetric transverse focusing forces. The experiment utilizes a compact 4-cm-long capillary discharge plasma source developed at...
Work at the SNS Beam Test Facility aims to characterize halo formation in the early stages of a high-power linac and to reproduce halo measurements with well-benchmarked particle-in-cell simulations. The BTF is equipped with advanced phase space diagnostics that enable detailed characterization of beam distributions at the beginning and end of a 2.5 MeV, 10 meter test beamline. Diagnostic...
Nonlinear focusing elements enhance the stability of particle beams in high-energy colliders via Landau Damping, a phenomenon that acts through the tune spread these elements introduce. This experiment at Fermilab's Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) aims to investigate the influence of nonlinear focusing elements on transverse beam stability by employing a novel method to directly...
The Single Stretched Wire (SSW) method allows highly precise integral field measurements by recording voltage across a tensioned wire mounted to 2-axis linear stages at either end of the magnet aperture. However, traditional SSW probes are not well suited for curved accelerator magnets, which are essential for steering charged particles along arced trajectories in storage rings or beamlines....
We report on the quantum efficiency (QE) and mean transverse energy (MTE) of photoemitted electrons from cadmium arsenide (Cd3As2), a three-dimensional Dirac semimetal (3D DSM) of interest for photocathode applications due to its unique electronic band structure, characterized by a 3D linear dispersion relation at the Fermi energy. Samples were synthesized at the National...
Dielectric-lined waveguides are a promising platform for high-gradient beam-driven dielectric wakefield acceleration (DWFA). We present experimental results from a recent study at the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA), focusing on the performance of three copper-coated dielectric structures with distinct cross-sections: circular, rectangular, and square. These geometries enable a comparative...
The longitudinal compression of intense proton bunches with strong space-charge force is an essential component of a proton driver for a muon collider. We propose a proton bunch compression experiment at the Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) storage ring at Fermilab to explore optimal radio frequency (RF) cavity and lattice configurations. IOTA is a compact fixed-energy storage ring...
Plasma wakefield accelerators (PWFA) are promising candidates for next-generation colliders due to their ability to sustain extremely high acceleration gradients. Laser-ionized plasma sources offer key advantages for PWFA, including precise control over the transverse and longitudinal plasma density profiles for emittance preservation, tunable plasma column widths suited for positron...
Nonlinear integrable optics of the type proposed by Danilov and Nagaitsev place strict constraints on the lattice parameters in the matching section outside of the nonlinear insert. In particular, the effects of energy spread in the beam have significant effects on the stability of the system. Typical chromatic compensation using sexupoles has significant perturbative effects on the dynamics...
SLAC’s LCLS-II is pioneering high-repetition-rate attosecond X-ray science, enabling new opportunities to optimize X-ray generation by controlling the electron beam at its source—the photoinjector. LCLS-II employs a 20 ps Gaussian UV laser pulse to drive the photocathode, with an added narrow modulation to induce microbunching for extended modes.* Recent advances in laser pulse shaping and...
" High quantum efficiency (QE) semiconductor photocathodes are essential for generating high average beam current and brightness. One class of semiconductor photocathodes considered for use in photoinjectors for unpolarized and polarized electron beams are III-nitride heterostructures. These materials can exhibit negative electron affinity at the surface, utilizing intrinsic polarization...
Lasers and accelerators are inherently complex systems, often requiring multi-input multi-output (MIMO) control strategies with demanding requirements on precision, speed, and scalability. As these systems push toward more stringent performance goals, traditional control techniques often face limitations in responsiveness and robustness.
In this talk, I will discuss how we’ve begun...
The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), a next-generation accelerator facility, is being jointly developed by Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) and Jefferson Lab (JLab), and will be constructed at BNL. The EIC design builds upon the existing RHIC heavy-ion infrastructure, transforming the RHIC rings into the Hadron Storage Ring (HSR) with necessary modifications. To ensure optimal performance, it...
Electron dynamics in molecules occur on attosecond timescales and drive fundamental processes such as photosynthesis, catalysis, and chemical bond transformations. Understanding these phenomena requires tools with both high temporal resolution and the capability to probe molecular dynamics at high repetition rates. Here, we present the first single-shot measurements of attosecond soft x-ray...
Simulations, analysis, and measurements are performed on the BNL Booster’s third integer resonance extraction to the NSRL line, which uses a constant optics slow extraction method. In this method, ring dipoles and quadrupoles are changed synchronously for a coasting beam, which aids in maintaining a fixed separatrix orientation through the spill. Simulations show that the outgoing beam has a...
Mu2e is an upcoming experiment at Fermilab that relies on the slowly extracted 8 GeV proton beam from the Delivery Ring. The experiment imposes strong requirements on the spill uniformity. To address these requirements, the fast spill regulations system is being developed and commissioned. To inform this development and optimize the system performance we are carrying out the detailed...
The Strong Hadron Cooler (SHC) proposed for the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) requires high-current, low-emittance electron bunches with minimal energy spread. The Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) injector plays a critical role in shaping the beam before acceleration. We present a multi-objective optimization study of the SHC ERL injector and merger using space charge tracking in Bmad and parallel...
Machine learning methods have been increasingly used to model complex physical processes that are difficult to address with traditional approaches, especially when these processes exhibit temporal dynamics or require real-time implementation. The linear accelerator (LINAC) at the LANSCE facility is one such system. While a high-resolution simulation tool, HPSim, exists, the complexity and high...
Design of radio frequency (RF) couplers and diagnostics require a good understanding of the electromagnetic mode patterns of RF cavities. This study investigates the adiabatic transformation of transverse magnetic (TM) modes in a cylindrical cavity into transverse electromagnetic (TEM) modes of a coaxial cavity by gradually introducing an inner conductor. Using CST Studio Suite, we simulate...
Accurate measurement of electron beam emittance is essential for optimizing high-brightness electron sources. The Pinhole Scan Technique measures the 4D phase space and hence the emittance by measuring the beam profile after clipping the beam using a pinhole followed by a drift section and then scanning the beam over the pinhole. This technique has been implemented in low (< 200 keV) beamlines...
The beam-driven, passive plasma lens can provide axisymmetric focusing with strengths orders of magnitude greater than conventional quadrupole magnets, while remaining ultra-compact. These characteristics make it attractive for beam matching into a plasma wakefield accelerator and for controlling beam divergence downstream of plasma stages. Optimal performance can be achieved in the underdense...
Coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) is a limiting effect in linear accelerators with dispersive elements due to its contribution to projected transverse emittance growth. This effect becomes a limitation for highly compressed beams. Even though CSR-induced projected emittance growth has been widely studied, conventional measurement techniques are not detailed enough to resolve the...
We present recent development of transverse phase space tomographic reconstruction techniques at FACET-II. We present implementation of such techniques in the FACET-II injector, and utilize it to characterize the two-bunch from photocathode configurations. We demonstrate the characterization of two-bunch phase space misalignment and its potential control and application in PWFA experiments. We...
Over the past several decades, the elastic interaction between photons and electrons known as Compton scattering, has been the foundational mechanism for generating high-energy photon beams, particularly in the gamma-ray regime. Resonant interactions between photons and atomic systems offer significantly enhanced resonant cross-sections, often several orders of magnitude greater than what is...
Generation of ultralow-emittance electron beams with high brightness is critical for several applications such as ultrafast electron diffraction, microscopy, and advanced accelerator techniques. By leveraging the differences in work function and electronic structure between different materials, we enabled spatially localized photoemission, resulting in picometer-scale emittance from a flat...
This work presents new insights into the formation and propagation of solitons in the University of Maryland Electron Ring (UMER), using a combination of theory, Particle-In-Cell (PIC) simulation, and experimental validation. Soliton dynamics in the electron beam are modeled via the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation, capturing the balance between nonlinearity and dispersion inherent in...
Recently, we proposed a novel photoinjector that incorporates an emittance exchange (EEX) beamline. Previous studies demonstrated promising 4D emittance performance of an EEX-based injector, but the beam’s longitudinal emittance at the linac exit still limits the final transverse emittance downstream of the EEX stage. We performed a comprehensive scan of injector parameters—including gun...
Modern particle accelerator optimization requires sophisticated computational methods to address the inherently stochastic nature of beam dynamics. This research develops a framework applying AD to SDEs that specifically addresses beam dynamics challenges in particle accelerators, focusing on accurately modeling and optimizing beam behavior in regimes dominated by stochastic processes. By...
Hadron Collider Rings offer unprecedented opportunities to address fundamental scientific questions in particle and nuclear physics. To achieve these ambitious goals, the colliders must deliver exceptionally high levels of luminosity, hence require high intensity hadron beam in the ring, which leads to high beam-beam parameter, as well as comparable space charge effects.
This study focuses on...
We present preliminary lattices for a rapid cycling synchrotron (RCS) chain based on a bottom up design for a 10 TeV parton center-of-momentum (pCM) muon collider sited at Fermilab. The smallest RCS rings in this lattice are 6.28 km in circumference and the largest RCS ring fitting fully within the Fermilab site is 15.5 km. To reach 5 TeV per beam, a single tunnel containing up to two rings is...
The muon collider (MuC) holds strong potential for reaching the 10 TeV energy frontier but introduces several technical challenges. Ionization cooling is essential to reduce beam emittance and achieve required luminosities. As muons lose energy in absorbers, normal-conducting RF cavities restore it. However, strong magnetic fields—needed for beam focusing—increase the risk of RF cavity...
Recent experimental studies at the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA) have shown that operating RF cavities with short pulses, only a few nanoseconds in duration, can raise the accelerating gradient to nearly 400 MV/m in a series of X-band structure tests. These results motivate further investigation into the breakdown physics underlying the short-pulse acceleration regime.
In this work, we...
We present a study of microbunching amplification in linear accelerators, focusing on the combined effects of coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) and longitudinal space charge (LSC). We also investigate the role of a laser heater, which is designed to suppress microbunching by decreasing the relative correlated energy spread early in the beamline. Simulations are performed for the FACET linac...
We present a study of intra-beam scattering (IBS) that is important for high-brightness electron beams, including a recent theory incorporating enhanced temporal correlations of electric field fluctuations. These correlations primarily arise from the periodic betatron motion of particles within the beam that is not accounted for in conventional theories. To enable direct verification of the...
We report the generation of single spike hard x-ray pulses at the Linac Coherent Light Source enabled by temporal shaping of the photocathode laser. The pulses were produced with typical pulse energies of 10 uJ and full-width at half-maximum spectral bandwidths averaging 30 eV, corresponding to a 60 attosecond Fourier-limited pulse duration. These pulses open new doors in...
Advancements in particle accelerator technology hinge on our ability to precisely measure and understand the behavior of high-brightness beams. Following the installation of the new photo-cathode gun (PCG) laser at the front-end of the Advanced Photon Source (APS) linac, commissioning studies are needed to understand and bring the new PCG beam up to operational standard. In the present work,...
Nb₃Sn has emerged as a leading alternative material due to its higher superconducting critical temperature (Tc) and superheating field (Hsh), promising a viable solution to the intrinsic performance limit currently faced by Nb superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) cavities. We sputter-coated Nb₃Sn inside Nb SRF cavity using a stoichiometric Nb₃Sn tube target in a DC cylindrical magnetron...
We present start-to-end simulation study of the transport of a few pico-Coulomb, nanometer-emittance beam through an emittance exchange (EEX) beamline. EEX with nanometer-emittance beams has potential to enable research opportunities utilizing tunable and high quality attosecond bunches and nanometer-scale longitudinal bunch trains. To account future possibility of experimental demonstrations,...
This paper deals with estimating spin depolarization in planned very high energy electron-positron storage rings like the FCC-ee. The paper covers three aspects of the work: 1) the putative so-called uncorrelated resonance crossing due to noise in the spin-rotation phase advance caused by photon emission in synchrotron radiation. This is expected to suppress the depolarization caused by...
We present an ongoing work in which a surrogate model is being developed to reproduce the response dynamics of the third-integer resonant extraction process in the Delivery Ring (DR) at Fermilab. This is in pursuit of smoothly extracting circulating beam to the Mu2e Experiment’s production target, whereby the goal is to extract a uniform slice of the circulating 1e12 protons in the DR over...
The Zgoubi simulation code for beam and spin dynamics employs a numerical method based on Taylor series to integrate the Lorentz and Thomas-BMT equations, optimizing computational efficiency while ensuring high accuracy and robust preservation of motion invariants. In this work, we developed and implemented an adaptive step-size Runge-Kutta (RK) integrator into Zgoubi to tackle growing...
Beam Alpha developed a kilowatt-scale fusion microreactor that directly converts nuclear energy to electrical energy without intermediate heat steps. This device has an output of 1.6 million volts DC. A converter is needed to transform this potential energy into useful electrical power. To achieve this the "Pulsed Ion Reflex Klystron" has been developed. The PIRK aims to achieve high...
In this work, we present the investigation of transit time of particles in the non-linear third-integer resonant extraction process. Transit time is defined as the number of turns a particle takes to get extracted once it is in the unstable region in the phase space, i.e., outside the triangular separatrix in case of third-integer resonance. The study of transit time is important because...
Detecting terahertz (THz) radiation in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) environments presents notable challenges due to the limited availability of commercially compatible components. In preparation for upcoming THz measurements at the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA) facility, we investigated two critical aspects: (1) the THz transmission characteristics of fused silica windows, and (2) the...
Cavity beam position monitors (CBPMs) are very high-precision devices that, in recent years, have progressed from experimental equipment to standard linac diagnostics in many prominent facilities, most notably free electron lasers. However, the high sensitivity of these devices comes at the cost of a limited measurement range, even with high dynamic range electronics. Furthermore, CBPMs need...
The accelerating segments in the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) linac contain superconducting RF cavities accelerating the beam and superconducting solenoids providing transverse focusing. We have studied the transverse emittance growth in the post-stripper linear accelerating segment of the FRIB linac. To understand the cause of the emittance growth we employ a macroparticle tracking...
Attosecond X-ray pulses are a pioneering tools for real-time observation of ultrafast electronic dynamics in atoms and molecules, opening up revolutionary advances in chemistry, materials science, and condensed-matter physics. Existing attosecond sources are, however, constrained by low photon energy and flux, which limits their experimental applications. we present here start-to-end...
Recent trends in power electronics indicate increas-ing demand for fast response switching networks with sub nanosecond switching speed at a variety of volt-ages. Gate driving networks meet the desired switch-ing speeds using COTS (Commercial Off-The Shelf) parts. This work describes an IVA (Inductive Voltage Adder) system capable of switching in the single digits of ns with a projected...
Nitrogen and oxygen-based surface treatments have revolutionized the performance of superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) cavities, enabling them to reach higher gradients and lower losses. However, the exact mechanisms by which these treatments improve cavity performance remain largely unknown. This work provides new insights into the role of nitrogen and oxygen in SRF cavity performance by...
DC electron guns are essential sources of moderate-energy electron beams for both particle accelerators and klystrons. EGUN is one of the simulation software that is employed to design such DC guns. EGUN produces detailed data of electron rays trajectories for a given gun geometry, cathode temperature, bias-voltage, and beam current - whether space-charge limited or not. We use Mathematica and...
