Speaker
Description
Alkali metal - metalloid photocathodes with positive electron affinity, such as Cs3Sb, K2CsSb, and Cs2Te, exhibit excellent quantum efficiency and reasonable emittance and lifetime. However, even when grown closed-loop, traditionally quantum efficiency alone is the feedback mechanism. Many advancements in the last decade have studied growth in situ, including with x-ray diffraction in beamlines and in molecular beam epitaxy with reflective high energy electron diffraction. However, an inexpensive, easily standardized feedback method is also desirable as a means to control stoichiometry during both single- and polycrystalline growth in commercial production. Recently stoichiometric control of cathode growth via a quantum efficiency ratio method has resulted in reliable, repeatable growths. * * We additionally report the implementation of an evolved high flux elemental cesium evaporator and our experience developing an industrial capacity for alkali metal - metalloid photocathode production. Cesium antimonide cathodes in co-deposition have consistent performance when utilizing carefully characterized fluxes in PID control loops and a slightly cesium-rich growth regime. We argue the automated paradigm for cesium antimonide paves the way for similarly simple yet robust industrial production of other alkali metal - metalloid photocathodes.
Funding Agency
U.S. Dept. of Energy/ARDAP via LANL subcontract CW32939.
Footnotes
For example, S. Schubert et al., J. Appl. Phys. 120, 035303 (2016).
For example, C. Pennington et al., APL Mater. 13(1) (2025).
**V. Pavlenko et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 120(9):091901 (2022).
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