Speaker
Description
Alkali metal - metalloid photocathodes with positive electron affinity, such as Cs3Sb, K2CsSb, and Cs2Te, exhibit excellent quantum efficiency and reasonable emittance and lifetime. However, even when grown closed-loop, traditionally quantum efficiency alone is the feedback mechanism. Many advancements in the last decade have studied growth in situ, including with x-ray diffraction in beamlines and in molecular beam epitaxy with reflective high energy electron diffraction. However, an inexpensive, easily standardized feedback method is also desirable as a means to control stoichiometry during both single- and polycrystalline growth in commercial production. Recently stoichiometric control of cathode growth via a quantum efficiency ratio method has resulted in reliable, repeatable growths. We additionally report the implementation of an evolved high flux elemental cesium evaporator and our experience developing an industrial capacity for alkali metal - metalloid photocathode production. Cesium antimonide cathodes in co-deposition have consistent performance when utilizing carefully characterized fluxes in PID control loops and a slightly cesium-rich growth regime. We argue the automated paradigm for cesium antimonide paves the way for similarly simple yet robust industrial production of other alkali metal - metalloid photocathodes.
Funding Agency
U.S. Dept. of Energy/ARDAP via LANL subcontract CW32939.
Footnotes
For example, S. Schubert et al., J. Appl. Phys. 120, 035303 (2016).
For example, C. Pennington et al., APL Mater. 13(1) (2025).
**V. Pavlenko et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 120(9):091901 (2022).
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